Ethics and 21st Century Skills Quiz

Ethics and Principles

• Ethics define right and wrong behavior, shaping society's standards, often influencing laws but not connected to religion.
• Ethics are divided into three areas:
  • Virtue Ethics (Moral Character): Focuses on promoting desirable traits.
  • Theories of the Good: Defines what's morally valuable.
  • Theories of Right Obligation: Determines what makes an action right or wrong.

Applied Ethics

• Applied ethics applies moral principles to real-world situations, such as:
  • ICT Ethics
  • Bioethics
  • Business Ethics
  • Environmental Ethics

21st Century Skills and ICT

• 21st Century Skills focus on:
  • Life and Career: Cross-cultural collaboration, bridging knowledge cultures, and ethical skills.
  • Learning and Innovation: Problem-solving, creativity, entrepreneurial, and managerial skills.
  • Digital ICT Literacy: Data mining, self-branding, online sociality.
  • Research and Publishing: Information gathering, data visualization, interdisciplinary skills.

ICT and Digital Literacy

• ICT enhances information processing and dissemination.
• However, "digital divide" exists between those with and without ICT access.

Industry 4.0 and 4IR

• Industry 4.0 integrates technologies like:

  • Cloud Computing
  • AI
  • Robotics
  • 3D Printing
  • IoT into manufacturing and various industries.

• The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) emphasizes:

  • Automation
  • Data
  • Human-Machine Interaction

Technologies in 4IR

• Technologies shaping 4IR:
  • AI
  • Robotics
  • IoT
  • Big Data Analytics
  • UAVs (Drones)
  • 5G Technology
  • Cybersecurity
  • Blockchain
  • Quantum Technology
  • Smart Homes

Ethical Issues in Emerging Technologies

Big Data Ethics

• Ethical concerns surround:
  • Data privacy
  • Consent
  • Fairness
  • Algorithmic Bias.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Warfare

• AI's role in warfare raises ethical questions about:
  • Accountability
  • Safety
  • Lethal Autonomous Weapons
  • Robotic Technologies

Autonomous Vehicles and Drones

• These technologies present challenges regarding:
  • Safety
  • Privacy
  • Public safety
  • Ethical responsibilities.

Ethics of 5G Technology

• 5G debate revolves around:
  • Benefits: Enhanced performance, economic opportunities.
  • Risks:
    • Health concerns (Electromagnetic exposure)
    • Environmental harm.

Discussion Topics

• Ethical considerations surrounding:
  • AI
  • IoT
  • Cyberattacks
  • Robot partners
  • Limitations of autonomous vehicles.

Ownership and Copyright

• Copyright protects:

  • Software
  • Artistic work
  • Intellectual Property

• It balances the creator's rights and public access to information.

• Open Source Software (OSS): Freely available software for public modification and sharing.

  • Using OSS in commercial products can have legal ramifications.

• Public Domain: Works no longer under copyright protection.

• Fair Use: Allows limited use of copyrighted material for teaching, research, or commentary.

Plagiarism and Piracy

• Plagiarism: Using someone else's work without permission or proper attribution.

  • Requires clear citation practices.

• Piracy: Unauthorized duplication and distribution of copyrighted material (music, movies, software).

  • Anti-piracy measures include encryption and user-friendly paid alternatives.

Ethics and Online Content

• Ethical use of online resources goes beyond consumption, including responsibility for:

  • Managing web platforms
  • Monitoring web platforms

• Ethical dilemmas include:

  • Online Privacy
  • Social Media Addiction
  • Online Tracking

Political Impacts and AI Biases

• IT's political implications include:

  • Online content influencing public opinion
  • Online content influencing governance

• Bias in AI Models: Lack of diverse training data leading to bias in outcomes.

  • Emphasizes ethical AI development.

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

• AI Definition: Computer systems performing tasks requiring human intelligence:

  • Decision-making
  • Language understanding
  • Visual perception
  • Problem-solving

• Types of AI:

  • Narrow AI (Weak AI): Designed for specific tasks (facial recognition, internet searches).
  • General AI (Strong AI): Capable of any intellectual task humans can do.
    • Currently does not exist.

History of AI

• Rooted in mid-20th century with pioneers like Alan Turing.

  • Proposed the "Turing Test" to measure machine intelligence.

• Milestones:

  • Symbolic Reasoning (1950s-60s)
  • Expert Systems and Machine Learning (1970s-80s)
  • Deep Learning and Neural Networks (2000s-present)

Components of AI

• Machine Learning (ML): Automates analytical model building.

  • Enabled computers to learn from data without explicit programming.

• Neural Networks: Mimic human brain's neural structures to process patterns and relationships in data.

• Natural Language Processing (NLP): Enables machines to understand and process human language.

  • Applications: Chatbots, language translation.

• Robotics: AI integrated into physical machines interacting with the world.

  • Examples: Self-driving cars, industrial robots.

Branches of AI

• Expert Systems: Use knowledge bases to make decisions.

  • Designed to solve specific problems within a domain (e.g., medical diagnosis).

• Speech and Language Processing: Processes human speech and language in real-time.

  • Examples: Voice-activated assistants (Siri).

• Vision Systems: Interpret and understand visual information.

  • Similar to human sight.

Applications of AI

• Healthcare.

  • Diagnostic tools
  • Personalized medicine
  • Robotic surgeries

• Finance.

  • Fraud detection
  • Algorithmic trading
  • Credit scoring

Future of AI

• Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): Ongoing research to develop AGI, matching or exceeding human intelligence across tasks.

• AI in Everyday Life: Integration into daily life (smart homes, personal AI assistants).

• Collaboration Between Humans and AI: AI enhances human capabilities, working alongside humans to solve complex problems.

Ethical Issues in Social Media

• Professional Benefits

• When making choices, users rely on online reviews and comments:

  • Movie ratings (IMDb)
  • Product reviews (Amazon)
  • Professor reviews (Yellowtalk)

• Digital Footprint: Your online presence impacts job searches and alliances.

  • LinkedIn profiles
  • Social media activity

• Employer Challenges: Uncertainty about fresh graduate's work ethic and professionalism.

  • LinkedIn reviews help address this gap.
  • Basic LinkedIn account for free with email connections.

Intellectual Property Laws

• Protect digital content, patents, trademarks, copyrights, and other intellectual property.
• Address issues like:
  • Copyright infringement
  • Online piracy

Ecommerce and Online Contracts

• Establish legal frameworks for online transactions.
• Covers:
  • Electronic signatures
  • Consumer rights
  • Dispute resolution in the digital marketplace.

Social Media and Online Content Regulations

• Regulate issues like:

  • Hate speech
  • Defamation
  • Harmful content

• Provide guidelines for removing or restricting harmful content.

Computer Crime Laws

• Target offenses involving computer systems and networks:
  • Unauthorized access
  • Malware distribution
  • Cyberattacks

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Regulations

• Address issues like:
  • Cryptocurrency trading
  • Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs)
  • Blockchain-based contracts

International Cyber Security Agreements

• Promote international cooperation to:
  • Combat cybercrime
  • Promote cybersecurity best practices.
  • Examples: Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, Bilateral cybersecurity agreements.

Threat, Vulnerability, and Attacks

• Threat: A Potential security violation causing harm.

  • Examples: Malicious program, natural disaster, thief.

• Vulnerability: Weakness in a system left unprotected.

  • Vulnerable systems are exposed to threats.

• Threat exploits vulnerability through a security attack.

Types of Attacks

• Passive Attack: Aims to gather information without affecting system resources.

  • Difficult to detect.
  • Focuses on prevention, not detection.

• Active Attack: Alters or affects system resources or operations.

  • May modify or create false data.