Ethics and 21st Century Skills Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does ethics primarily guide in society?

Social norms and traditions

Religious beliefs and practices

Behavior and decision-making (correct)

The creation of laws

Which of the following is NOT a domain of normative ethical theories?

Theories of moral character

Theories of right obligation

Theories of social justice (correct)

Theories of the good

What is a primary focus of applied ethics?

Promoting individual moral principles

Addressing real-world ethical dilemmas (correct)

The development of ethical theories

Religiously based ethics

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a skill included in 21st Century Skills?

Religious ethics Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of the digital divide mentioned in the content?

Disparity in access to ICT resources Signup and view all the answers

Which technology is NOT typically associated with Industry 4.0?

Manual labor Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant ethical concern related to big data?

Algorithmic bias Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical question is raised by the use of AI in warfare?

Who is accountable for AI-driven actions? Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in AI systems?

To enable machines to understand and process human language Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Narrow AI?

AI designed to perform a narrow specific task, such as facial recognition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components of AI mimics the structure of the human brain?

Neural Networks Signup and view all the answers

What milestone in the history of AI occurred in the 2000s?

Breakthroughs in deep learning and neural networks Signup and view all the answers

What is an application of AI in the healthcare sector?

Robotic surgeries and diagnostic tools Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of AI is designed specifically for problem-solving in a defined domain?

Expert Systems Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of General AI?

Is limited to narrow tasks like facial recognition Signup and view all the answers

In what domain is AI used for detecting fraudulent activities?

Finance Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern regarding the implementation of 5G technology?

Increase in electromagnetic exposure health risks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines plagiarism?

Using someone's work without permission or proper attribution Signup and view all the answers

What does the Public Domain refer to?

Works that are no longer under copyright protection Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical issue is associated with online content management?

Balancing convenience and online privacy Signup and view all the answers

What is a legal risk associated with Open Source Software (OSS)?

Potential infringement on a creator's copyright Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) research?

To match or exceed human intelligence across a wide range of tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of AI raises ethical concerns due to model training?

Insufficient diversity in training data Signup and view all the answers

How is AI expected to impact daily life in the near future?

AI will be integrated into smart home systems and personal assistants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Fair Use in copyright laws?

To permit limited uses of copyrighted material for teaching or commentary Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that employers consider before hiring someone?

Reviews and comments from previous employers and colleagues. Signup and view all the answers

Why is managing your digital presence important when seeking employment?

Negative comments online can harm job prospects. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do autonomous vehicles present concerning public perception?

They raise questions about public safety and ethical responsibilities Signup and view all the answers

What key characteristics are employers looking for in fresh graduates that are not reflected in transcripts?

Work ethic and professionalism. Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does a basic LinkedIn account provide?

It permits sending emails to connections. Signup and view all the answers

What role does AI currently play in human tasks?

AI enhances human capabilities to solve complex problems. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do fresh graduates face regarding work expectations?

High expectations of work ethic and professionalism. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes intellectual property laws?

They protect digital content, patents, trademarks, and copyrights. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a passive attack?

Analyzing network traffic without interference. Signup and view all the answers

Which regulation addresses issues related to hate speech and defamation in online content?

Social Media and Online Content Regulations Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an active attack from a passive attack?

Active attacks seek to alter system resources or operations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a vulnerability in the context of cybersecurity?

A weakness in a system that is unprotected. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following laws specifically targets offenses involving computer systems and networks?

Computer Crime Laws Signup and view all the answers

What do cryptocurrency and blockchain regulations primarily address?

Issues related to trading cryptocurrency and ICOs. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a threat in cybersecurity?

It can be a potential violation causing harm. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ethics and Principles

Ethics define right and wrong behavior, shaping society's standards, often influencing laws but not connected to religion.
Ethics are divided into three areas:
- Virtue Ethics (Moral Character): Focuses on promoting desirable traits.
- Theories of the Good: Defines what's morally valuable.
- Theories of Right Obligation: Determines what makes an action right or wrong.

Applied Ethics

Applied ethics applies moral principles to real-world situations, such as:
- ICT Ethics
- Bioethics
- Business Ethics
- Environmental Ethics

21st Century Skills and ICT

21st Century Skills focus on:
- Life and Career: Cross-cultural collaboration, bridging knowledge cultures, and ethical skills.
- Learning and Innovation: Problem-solving, creativity, entrepreneurial, and managerial skills.
- Digital ICT Literacy: Data mining, self-branding, online sociality.
- Research and Publishing: Information gathering, data visualization, interdisciplinary skills.

ICT and Digital Literacy

ICT enhances information processing and dissemination.
However, "digital divide" exists between those with and without ICT access.

Industry 4.0 and 4IR

Industry 4.0 integrates technologies like:
- Cloud Computing
- AI
- Robotics
- 3D Printing
- IoT into manufacturing and various industries.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) emphasizes:
- Automation
- Data
- Human-Machine Interaction

Technologies in 4IR

Technologies shaping 4IR:
- AI
- Robotics
- IoT
- Big Data Analytics
- UAVs (Drones)
- 5G Technology
- Cybersecurity
- Blockchain
- Quantum Technology
- Smart Homes

Ethical Issues in Emerging Technologies

Big Data Ethics

Ethical concerns surround:
- Data privacy
- Consent
- Fairness
- Algorithmic Bias.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Warfare

AI's role in warfare raises ethical questions about:
- Accountability
- Safety
- Lethal Autonomous Weapons
- Robotic Technologies

Autonomous Vehicles and Drones

These technologies present challenges regarding:
- Safety
- Privacy
- Public safety
- Ethical responsibilities.

Ethics of 5G Technology

5G debate revolves around:
- Benefits: Enhanced performance, economic opportunities.
- Risks:
  - Health concerns (Electromagnetic exposure)
  - Environmental harm.

Discussion Topics

Ethical considerations surrounding:
- AI
- IoT
- Cyberattacks
- Robot partners
- Limitations of autonomous vehicles.

Ownership and Copyright

Copyright protects:
- Software
- Artistic work
- Intellectual Property
It balances the creator's rights and public access to information.
Open Source Software (OSS): Freely available software for public modification and sharing.
- Using OSS in commercial products can have legal ramifications.
Public Domain: Works no longer under copyright protection.
Fair Use: Allows limited use of copyrighted material for teaching, research, or commentary.

Plagiarism and Piracy

Plagiarism: Using someone else's work without permission or proper attribution.
- Requires clear citation practices.
Piracy: Unauthorized duplication and distribution of copyrighted material (music, movies, software).
- Anti-piracy measures include encryption and user-friendly paid alternatives.

Ethics and Online Content

Ethical use of online resources goes beyond consumption, including responsibility for:
- Managing web platforms
- Monitoring web platforms
Ethical dilemmas include:
- Online Privacy
- Social Media Addiction
- Online Tracking

Political Impacts and AI Biases

IT's political implications include:
- Online content influencing public opinion
- Online content influencing governance
Bias in AI Models: Lack of diverse training data leading to bias in outcomes.
- Emphasizes ethical AI development.

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

AI Definition: Computer systems performing tasks requiring human intelligence:
- Decision-making
- Language understanding
- Visual perception
- Problem-solving
Types of AI:
- Narrow AI (Weak AI): Designed for specific tasks (facial recognition, internet searches).
- General AI (Strong AI): Capable of any intellectual task humans can do.
  - Currently does not exist.

History of AI

Rooted in mid-20th century with pioneers like Alan Turing.
- Proposed the "Turing Test" to measure machine intelligence.
Milestones:
- Symbolic Reasoning (1950s-60s)
- Expert Systems and Machine Learning (1970s-80s)
- Deep Learning and Neural Networks (2000s-present)

Components of AI

Machine Learning (ML): Automates analytical model building.
- Enabled computers to learn from data without explicit programming.
Neural Networks: Mimic human brain's neural structures to process patterns and relationships in data.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): Enables machines to understand and process human language.
- Applications: Chatbots, language translation.
Robotics: AI integrated into physical machines interacting with the world.
- Examples: Self-driving cars, industrial robots.

Branches of AI

Expert Systems: Use knowledge bases to make decisions.
- Designed to solve specific problems within a domain (e.g., medical diagnosis).
Speech and Language Processing: Processes human speech and language in real-time.
- Examples: Voice-activated assistants (Siri).
Vision Systems: Interpret and understand visual information.
- Similar to human sight.

Applications of AI

Healthcare.
- Diagnostic tools
- Personalized medicine
- Robotic surgeries
Finance.
- Fraud detection
- Algorithmic trading
- Credit scoring

Future of AI

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): Ongoing research to develop AGI, matching or exceeding human intelligence across tasks.
AI in Everyday Life: Integration into daily life (smart homes, personal AI assistants).
Collaboration Between Humans and AI: AI enhances human capabilities, working alongside humans to solve complex problems.

Professional Benefits
When making choices, users rely on online reviews and comments:
- Movie ratings (IMDb)
- Product reviews (Amazon)
- Professor reviews (Yellowtalk)
Digital Footprint: Your online presence impacts job searches and alliances.
- LinkedIn profiles
- Social media activity
Employer Challenges: Uncertainty about fresh graduate's work ethic and professionalism.
- LinkedIn reviews help address this gap.
- Basic LinkedIn account for free with email connections.

Intellectual Property Laws

Protect digital content, patents, trademarks, copyrights, and other intellectual property.
Address issues like:
- Copyright infringement
- Online piracy

Ecommerce and Online Contracts

Establish legal frameworks for online transactions.
Covers:
- Electronic signatures
- Consumer rights
- Dispute resolution in the digital marketplace.

Regulate issues like:
- Hate speech
- Defamation
- Harmful content
Provide guidelines for removing or restricting harmful content.

Computer Crime Laws

Target offenses involving computer systems and networks:
- Unauthorized access
- Malware distribution
- Cyberattacks

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Regulations

Address issues like:
- Cryptocurrency trading
- Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs)
- Blockchain-based contracts

International Cyber Security Agreements

Promote international cooperation to:
- Combat cybercrime
- Promote cybersecurity best practices.
- Examples: Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, Bilateral cybersecurity agreements.

Threat, Vulnerability, and Attacks

Threat: A Potential security violation causing harm.
- Examples: Malicious program, natural disaster, thief.
Vulnerability: Weakness in a system left unprotected.
- Vulnerable systems are exposed to threats.
Threat exploits vulnerability through a security attack.

Types of Attacks

Passive Attack: Aims to gather information without affecting system resources.
- Difficult to detect.
- Focuses on prevention, not detection.
Active Attack: Alters or affects system resources or operations.
- May modify or create false data.

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of ethics, including virtue ethics, theories of the good, and applied ethics in various fields. It also examines the relevance of 21st Century Skills in relation to ICT and career development, emphasizing ethical skills and cross-cultural collaboration.