Applied Ethics and Bioethics Overview
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Applied Ethics and Bioethics Overview

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Questions and Answers

How are human rights characterized in relation to each other?

  • They are separate and non-influential.
  • They are optional and sometimes disregarded.
  • They primarily influence local laws only.
  • They are interdependent and indivisible. (correct)
  • What role do moral principles play in the context of human flourishing?

  • They enhance competitive practices in society.
  • They protect autonomy and self-directedness. (correct)
  • They provide regulations for technological advancements.
  • They limit individuals' economic success.
  • What is a significant consideration when addressing technological ethical dilemmas?

  • The impact on environmental sustainability.
  • The financial gain from implementation.
  • The popularity of the technology among users.
  • The human rights that may be affected. (correct)
  • Why are human rights essential for an individual's dignity?

    <p>They are fundamental to ensuring human dignity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a conflict in modern technological development?

    <p>Balancing ethical dilemmas with human rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes utilitarianism?

    <p>It focuses on outcomes where the ends justify the means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of bioethics?

    <p>Philosophical study of ethical controversies in biology and medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kantian ethics, what is considered essential?

    <p>Creating universal moral laws applicable to all individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does liberal individualism advocate?

    <p>The balance of negative and positive rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical theory emphasizes the significance of care in relationships?

    <p>Ethics of Care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bioethicists approach ethical dilemmas?

    <p>By examining the interplay among life sciences, law, and philosophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of ethics is most closely linked with the concept of autonomy?

    <p>The ability of individuals to make informed choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Communitarianism primarily emphasizes which of the following?

    <p>The good of the community over individual interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key principle of beneficence in applied ethics?

    <p>To act for the benefit of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best defines autonomy in bioethics?

    <p>The ability to make decisions free from external influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, which ethical issue was primarily violated?

    <p>Informed consent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle emphasizes the obligation to avoid causing harm to others?

    <p>Non-maleficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical dilemma is presented in the case of the 16-year-old Jehovah's Witness?

    <p>The right to refuse care versus parental authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the volleyball player's case, what do the conflicting views of the parents and the patient represent?

    <p>The disagreement in ethical principles of autonomy and beneficence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes distributive justice in healthcare?

    <p>The fair allocation of healthcare resources based on needs and social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical challenge is presented by a patient in hospice care refusing pain medication?

    <p>The balance between an individual’s autonomy and the welfare of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Applied Ethics

    • Deals with actual ethical issues across various fields.

    Bioethics

    • Focuses on ethical concerns related to biology and medicine.
    • Examples: clinical ethics, research ethics, animal rights, environmental ethics, biotechnology, and public health.

    Clinical Ethics

    • Ethical considerations in medical practice.
    • Examples:
      • CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation), starting in 1954 with the James Elam experiment.
      • Patient's right to refuse care.

    Research Ethics

    • Ethical considerations in scientific research involving humans.
    • Examples:
      • Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
      • Willowbrook Experiment

    Bioethics: Key Questions

    • What should we do?
    • Why should we do it?
    • Focus on case-specific ethics.
    • Dependent on individual values.
    • Some universal principles guide decision-making.

    Autonomy

    • Self-governance, free from external control and internal limitations.
    • Greek origin: "autos" (self) and "omos" (rule or law).
    • Individuals make informed choices without undue influence.

    Beneficence

    • Acting for the benefit of others.
    • Moral obligation to protect and defend rights.
    • Example: Helping people with disabilities and rescuing those in danger.

    Non-maleficence

    • Avoiding harm to others.
    • The principle of "first, do no harm."
    • Distinguishable from beneficence:
      • Obligations not to harm (e.g., robbery or killing).
      • Obligations to help others (e.g., rescuing a drowning child).

    Justice

    • Fair and equitable distribution of burdens, benefits, opportunities, and positions.
    • Ensuring fair access to healthcare and selecting research subjects fairly.

    Ethical Dilemma

    • A situation where two possible options are ethically unacceptable.
    • Also known as ethical paradox or moral dilemma.

    Ethics

    • A system of moral principles concerned with what is good for an individual and society.

    Ethics and Morality

    • Ethics: Philosophy exploring morality and moral living.
    • Morality: A code of conduct defined by society, including normative claims about how things should or ought to be.
    • Theory: Abstract reflection and argumentation, providing a systematic justification for principles.

    Examples of Moral Theories

    • Utilitarianism: Consequence-based theory, where the ends justify the means.
    • Kantianism: Emphasis on the moral reason for doing something; the ability to universalize actions as rules.
    • The Golden Rule: Treat others as you would like to be treated.
    • Liberal Individualism: Focus on positive rights (e.g., education) and negative rights (e.g., Bill of Rights).
    • Communitarianism: Emphasizes the good of the community.
    • Ethics of Care: Prioritizes relationships, care, responsibility, and trust.

    Ethical Theory to Action

    • Theories, principles, rules, and actions are interconnected in the ethical decision-making process.

    Bioethics

    • The philosophical study of ethical controversies arising from advancements in biology and medicine.

    Human Rights

    • Interdependent, interrelated, and indivisible, meaning that the improvement of one right benefits others, and vice versa.

    Human Rights and Technology

    • Human rights should guide the development and use of new technologies.
    • Stakeholders should consider which human rights might be affected by these technologies.

    Human Flourishing and Human Rights

    • Humans are social beings.
    • Flourishing occurs within a proper society.
    • Moral principles (human rights) are needed to protect individual autonomy and self-directedness.
    • Human rights provide dignity, which is essential for flourishing.

    Ethical Dilemmas and Modern Technologies

    • Modern technologies often present ethical dilemmas.
    • Human rights should be upheld in addressing these dilemmas.

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    Description

    Explore key concepts in applied ethics and bioethics, including clinical and research ethics. This quiz dives into ethical considerations across various fields, discussing autonomy and key ethical questions. Test your understanding of the principles guiding decision-making in medical and scientific contexts.

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