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Questions and Answers
How are human rights characterized in relation to each other?
What role do moral principles play in the context of human flourishing?
What is a significant consideration when addressing technological ethical dilemmas?
Why are human rights essential for an individual's dignity?
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What is often a conflict in modern technological development?
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Which of the following best describes utilitarianism?
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What is the primary focus of bioethics?
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In Kantian ethics, what is considered essential?
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What does liberal individualism advocate?
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Which ethical theory emphasizes the significance of care in relationships?
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How do bioethicists approach ethical dilemmas?
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Which principle of ethics is most closely linked with the concept of autonomy?
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Communitarianism primarily emphasizes which of the following?
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What is a key principle of beneficence in applied ethics?
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Which statement best defines autonomy in bioethics?
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In the context of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, which ethical issue was primarily violated?
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Which principle emphasizes the obligation to avoid causing harm to others?
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What ethical dilemma is presented in the case of the 16-year-old Jehovah's Witness?
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In the volleyball player's case, what do the conflicting views of the parents and the patient represent?
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Which of the following best describes distributive justice in healthcare?
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What ethical challenge is presented by a patient in hospice care refusing pain medication?
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Study Notes
Applied Ethics
- Deals with actual ethical issues across various fields.
Bioethics
- Focuses on ethical concerns related to biology and medicine.
- Examples: clinical ethics, research ethics, animal rights, environmental ethics, biotechnology, and public health.
Clinical Ethics
- Ethical considerations in medical practice.
- Examples:
- CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation), starting in 1954 with the James Elam experiment.
- Patient's right to refuse care.
Research Ethics
- Ethical considerations in scientific research involving humans.
- Examples:
- Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
- Willowbrook Experiment
Bioethics: Key Questions
- What should we do?
- Why should we do it?
- Focus on case-specific ethics.
- Dependent on individual values.
- Some universal principles guide decision-making.
Autonomy
- Self-governance, free from external control and internal limitations.
- Greek origin: "autos" (self) and "omos" (rule or law).
- Individuals make informed choices without undue influence.
Beneficence
- Acting for the benefit of others.
- Moral obligation to protect and defend rights.
- Example: Helping people with disabilities and rescuing those in danger.
Non-maleficence
- Avoiding harm to others.
- The principle of "first, do no harm."
- Distinguishable from beneficence:
- Obligations not to harm (e.g., robbery or killing).
- Obligations to help others (e.g., rescuing a drowning child).
Justice
- Fair and equitable distribution of burdens, benefits, opportunities, and positions.
- Ensuring fair access to healthcare and selecting research subjects fairly.
Ethical Dilemma
- A situation where two possible options are ethically unacceptable.
- Also known as ethical paradox or moral dilemma.
Ethics
- A system of moral principles concerned with what is good for an individual and society.
Ethics and Morality
- Ethics: Philosophy exploring morality and moral living.
- Morality: A code of conduct defined by society, including normative claims about how things should or ought to be.
- Theory: Abstract reflection and argumentation, providing a systematic justification for principles.
Examples of Moral Theories
- Utilitarianism: Consequence-based theory, where the ends justify the means.
- Kantianism: Emphasis on the moral reason for doing something; the ability to universalize actions as rules.
- The Golden Rule: Treat others as you would like to be treated.
- Liberal Individualism: Focus on positive rights (e.g., education) and negative rights (e.g., Bill of Rights).
- Communitarianism: Emphasizes the good of the community.
- Ethics of Care: Prioritizes relationships, care, responsibility, and trust.
Ethical Theory to Action
- Theories, principles, rules, and actions are interconnected in the ethical decision-making process.
Bioethics
- The philosophical study of ethical controversies arising from advancements in biology and medicine.
Human Rights
- Interdependent, interrelated, and indivisible, meaning that the improvement of one right benefits others, and vice versa.
Human Rights and Technology
- Human rights should guide the development and use of new technologies.
- Stakeholders should consider which human rights might be affected by these technologies.
Human Flourishing and Human Rights
- Humans are social beings.
- Flourishing occurs within a proper society.
- Moral principles (human rights) are needed to protect individual autonomy and self-directedness.
- Human rights provide dignity, which is essential for flourishing.
Ethical Dilemmas and Modern Technologies
- Modern technologies often present ethical dilemmas.
- Human rights should be upheld in addressing these dilemmas.
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Description
Explore key concepts in applied ethics and bioethics, including clinical and research ethics. This quiz dives into ethical considerations across various fields, discussing autonomy and key ethical questions. Test your understanding of the principles guiding decision-making in medical and scientific contexts.
