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Questions and Answers
What differentiates Human Acts from Acts of Man?
What differentiates Human Acts from Acts of Man?
- Acts of Man happen naturally in the body.
- Acts of Man are always wrong.
- Human Acts do not involve responsibility.
- Human Acts require conscious choice. (correct)
Which of the following is NOT an example of an Act of Human?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an Act of Human?
- Giving money to the poor
- Returning a lost item
- Breathing (correct)
- Telling the truth
How can Human Acts be classified?
How can Human Acts be classified?
- As moral or immoral actions only.
- Only as ethical or unethical actions.
- As acts of passion or acts of logic.
- As good or bad actions. (correct)
What type of actions are considered Acts of Man?
What type of actions are considered Acts of Man?
What is the main focus of ethics as a subject of study?
What is the main focus of ethics as a subject of study?
Which type of valuation is NOT part of ethics?
Which type of valuation is NOT part of ethics?
Why might clothing choices be deemed immoral or unethical in certain cultures?
Why might clothing choices be deemed immoral or unethical in certain cultures?
What consequence did women in Afghanistan face for not adhering to clothing norms under the Taliban?
What consequence did women in Afghanistan face for not adhering to clothing norms under the Taliban?
What does subjectivism claim about moral beliefs?
What does subjectivism claim about moral beliefs?
According to psychological egoism, human actions are primarily motivated by what?
According to psychological egoism, human actions are primarily motivated by what?
What is the main principle of ethical egoism?
What is the main principle of ethical egoism?
In which stage of Kohlberg's moral development is morality based on avoiding punishment?
In which stage of Kohlberg's moral development is morality based on avoiding punishment?
What does the phrase 'an eye for an eye' represent in terms of morality?
What does the phrase 'an eye for an eye' represent in terms of morality?
Which stage comes after the stage focused on 'Individualism and Exchange' in Kohlberg's framework?
Which stage comes after the stage focused on 'Individualism and Exchange' in Kohlberg's framework?
What is the primary distinction of the post-conventional level in moral development?
What is the primary distinction of the post-conventional level in moral development?
Which moral philosophy emphasizes that actions should benefit individuals first?
Which moral philosophy emphasizes that actions should benefit individuals first?
What does the pre-conventional level of moral development emphasize?
What does the pre-conventional level of moral development emphasize?
In moral dilemmas, what is meant by the term 'lesser of two evils'?
In moral dilemmas, what is meant by the term 'lesser of two evils'?
Which stage in the conventional level is characterized by law and order?
Which stage in the conventional level is characterized by law and order?
What is a moral judgment?
What is a moral judgment?
Why is it important to gather facts in ethical decision-making?
Why is it important to gather facts in ethical decision-making?
What is implied by the husband's duty to save his wife?
What is implied by the husband's duty to save his wife?
What is a key characteristic of a moral dilemma?
What is a key characteristic of a moral dilemma?
How would you describe the ethical consideration of stealing to save a life?
How would you describe the ethical consideration of stealing to save a life?
What is the primary focus of Stage 3 in Kohlberg's moral development model?
What is the primary focus of Stage 3 in Kohlberg's moral development model?
Which stage in Kohlberg's model emphasizes the concepts of societal agreements and individual rights?
Which stage in Kohlberg's model emphasizes the concepts of societal agreements and individual rights?
According to Kohlberg, what indicates moral maturity?
According to Kohlberg, what indicates moral maturity?
What criticism did Gilligan present regarding Kohlberg's theory?
What criticism did Gilligan present regarding Kohlberg's theory?
What moral reasoning is demonstrated when someone obeys the law simply because it is the law?
What moral reasoning is demonstrated when someone obeys the law simply because it is the law?
How does Stage 6 differ from lower stages in Kohlberg's moral development model?
How does Stage 6 differ from lower stages in Kohlberg's moral development model?
Why might individuals defy laws during a crisis, such as during martial law in the 1970s?
Why might individuals defy laws during a crisis, such as during martial law in the 1970s?
Which example demonstrates the reasoning in Stage 1 of Kohlberg's model?
Which example demonstrates the reasoning in Stage 1 of Kohlberg's model?
What ethical dilemma is presented by the scenario of pushing the man onto the tracks?
What ethical dilemma is presented by the scenario of pushing the man onto the tracks?
How do people's reactions differ between the lever scenario and the footbridge scenario?
How do people's reactions differ between the lever scenario and the footbridge scenario?
What is the main ethical consideration when a doctor must decide whether to kill a healthy patient for their organs?
What is the main ethical consideration when a doctor must decide whether to kill a healthy patient for their organs?
What distinguishes the act of pulling the lever from pushing the fat man into the tracks?
What distinguishes the act of pulling the lever from pushing the fat man into the tracks?
What moral principle is primarily challenged in these dilemmas regarding saving lives?
What moral principle is primarily challenged in these dilemmas regarding saving lives?
Study Notes
Acts of Human vs. Human Acts
- Acts of Human: Natural bodily functions occurring without conscious choice, neither right nor wrong.
- Human Acts: Require conscious decision-making, moral responsibility, and can be classified as either right or wrong.
Examples of Acts of Human and Human Acts
- Acts of Human: Breathing, heart beating, perspiration, hair and nail growth.
- Human Acts: Telling the truth, giving money to the poor, returning lost items.
Moral Judgment and Classification of Actions
- Human acts can be classified into Good Actions and Bad Actions.
- Acts of Man: Considered amoral or indifferent actions.
Ethical Frameworks and Value Judgments
- Aesthetic and technical valuations are important in human life but do not equate to moral values.
- Cultural norms can impose moral beliefs; for example, dress codes can be subject to severe penalties in certain cultures.
Ethical Perspectives
- Subjectivism: Individuals determine their own moral values based on personal beliefs.
- Psychological Egoism: Actions are motivated by self-interest; everyone is inherently selfish.
- Ethical Egoism: The rightness of actions is judged by self-interest.
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
- Pre-Conventional Level:
- Stage 1: Morality based on punishment avoidance.
- Stage 2: Individual interests and reciprocal benefits.
- Conventional Level:
- Stage 3: Social approval and relationships.
- Stage 4: Law adherence and social order maintenance.
- Post-Conventional Level:
- Stage 5: Social contracts and individual rights considerations.
- Stage 6: Universal ethical principles guiding moral actions.
Moral Issues and Decision-Making
- Moral Issues: Situations that cause significant debate (e.g., euthanasia, capital punishment).
- Moral Decisions: Choices between conflicting actions in ethical situations.
- Moral Judgment: Assessments of others' behavior.
- Moral Dilemma: Choosing between competing ethical options, often involving lesser evils.
Ethical Decision-Making Model
- Gather the Facts: Clarifying information often resolves ethical dilemmas.
- Killing vs. Letting Die: Distinction between direct harm and passive involvement in outcomes is crucial.
- Trolley Problem Variations: Scenarios illustrate moral quandaries in valuing lives and actions (e.g., choosing whether to actively kill one to save many).
These concepts create a foundation for understanding moral philosophy, ethical values, and the complexities of human decision-making.
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Description
Explore the distinctions between Acts of Human and Human Acts, delving into moral responsibilities and ethical frameworks. This quiz will assess your understanding of moral classification of actions and the implications of cultural norms on ethical judgments.
