Podcast
Questions and Answers
What distinguishes Human Acts from Acts of Man?
What distinguishes Human Acts from Acts of Man?
- Acts of Man are always considered wrong.
- Acts of Man are actions performed unconsciously.
- Human Acts do not involve choice or responsibility.
- Human Acts require a person to use choice and conscience. (correct)
Which of the following is an example of an Act of Man?
Which of the following is an example of an Act of Man?
- Giving money to the poor
- Returning a lost item
- Telling the truth
- Breathing (correct)
Which classification of Human Acts represents morally positive actions?
Which classification of Human Acts represents morally positive actions?
- Amoral Actions
- Indifferent Actions
- Good Actions (correct)
- Bad Actions
What type of valuations are NOT part of ethics according to the content?
What type of valuations are NOT part of ethics according to the content?
Which scenario illustrates a culturally specific moral evaluation?
Which scenario illustrates a culturally specific moral evaluation?
How can Human Acts be categorized in terms of their ethical implications?
How can Human Acts be categorized in terms of their ethical implications?
Which of the following statements about ethics is true?
Which of the following statements about ethics is true?
What is a characteristic of an amoral action?
What is a characteristic of an amoral action?
What primarily influences behavior under External Authority?
What primarily influences behavior under External Authority?
Which of the following correctly defines Internal Authority?
Which of the following correctly defines Internal Authority?
What does the principle of cultural relativism assert?
What does the principle of cultural relativism assert?
Which of the following statements illustrates the difference between legal and moral perspectives?
Which of the following statements illustrates the difference between legal and moral perspectives?
Which example best demonstrates the concept of External Authority?
Which example best demonstrates the concept of External Authority?
What ethical belief is reflected when considering multiplicity of religion?
What ethical belief is reflected when considering multiplicity of religion?
What action illustrates a conflict between law and morality?
What action illustrates a conflict between law and morality?
Which scenario exemplifies cultural relativism as described by James Rachels?
Which scenario exemplifies cultural relativism as described by James Rachels?
What is the primary ethical dilemma presented in the scenario involving the large man on the footbridge?
What is the primary ethical dilemma presented in the scenario involving the large man on the footbridge?
Why might most people support pulling the lever in the trolley dilemma but not pushing the man off the footbridge?
Why might most people support pulling the lever in the trolley dilemma but not pushing the man off the footbridge?
In the scenario involving the doctor and the healthy patient, what is the central question concerning medical ethics?
In the scenario involving the doctor and the healthy patient, what is the central question concerning medical ethics?
What differentiates the 'trolley dilemma' from the 'footbridge scenario'?
What differentiates the 'trolley dilemma' from the 'footbridge scenario'?
What underlying theme is highlighted by the variations in the trolley and organ donation dilemmas?
What underlying theme is highlighted by the variations in the trolley and organ donation dilemmas?
What is one of the concerns about cultural relativism as highlighted by Rachels?
What is one of the concerns about cultural relativism as highlighted by Rachels?
Which of the following exemplifies an absurd consequence of cultural relativism according to Rachels?
Which of the following exemplifies an absurd consequence of cultural relativism according to Rachels?
How does Rachels view the possibility of moral progress in society?
How does Rachels view the possibility of moral progress in society?
What assertion about a hypothetical culture that promotes murder is made?
What assertion about a hypothetical culture that promotes murder is made?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of accepting cultural relativism?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of accepting cultural relativism?
What does Rachels imply about the treatment of female babies and elderly family members in certain cultures?
What does Rachels imply about the treatment of female babies and elderly family members in certain cultures?
What can be inferred about Rachels' view on cultural relativism?
What can be inferred about Rachels' view on cultural relativism?
In which scenario would cultural relativism lead to moral stagnation?
In which scenario would cultural relativism lead to moral stagnation?
What does subjectivism emphasize in moral valuations?
What does subjectivism emphasize in moral valuations?
According to psychological egoism, what motivates human actions?
According to psychological egoism, what motivates human actions?
What distinguishes ethical egoism from psychological egoism?
What distinguishes ethical egoism from psychological egoism?
Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development is characterized by avoiding punishment?
Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development is characterized by avoiding punishment?
What principle defines morality at Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange?
What principle defines morality at Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange?
In Kohlberg's moral development theory, what features are present in the POST-CONVENTIONAL level?
In Kohlberg's moral development theory, what features are present in the POST-CONVENTIONAL level?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ethical egoism?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ethical egoism?
Which statement best reflects the view of subjectivism regarding moral beliefs?
Which statement best reflects the view of subjectivism regarding moral beliefs?
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Study Notes
Natural vs. Human Acts
- Acts of Man: Automatic physiological functions occurring without consciousness; neither right nor wrong (e.g., breathing, heart beating, perspiration).
- Human Acts: Require choice and responsibility; can be morally right or wrong (e.g., telling the truth, returning lost items).
Classification of Actions
- Good Action: Actions judged positively within ethical frameworks.
- Bad Action: Actions deemed negative or harmful.
- Acts of man are considered amoral and indifferent.
Ethics and Value Judgments
- Ethics identifies values that significantly impact human life.
- Types of Value Judgments:
- Aesthetic Valuations: Concerned with beauty or taste.
- Technical Valuations: Related to efficiency and functionality.
- Moral Valuations: Pertaining to right and wrong.
Cultural Perspectives on Morality
- Cultural Norms: Ethical considerations vary between cultures, e.g., clothing standards can differ significantly.
- Historical context illustrates harsh consequences for moral deviations, e.g., the Taliban's strict dress code in Afghanistan.
Authority in Ethics
- External Authority: Guided by societal norms, laws, and cultural traditions (e.g., legal, religious moral differences).
- Internal Authority: Guided by personal values and morals, emphasizing individual conscience.
Cultural Relativism
- Defined by James Rachels as the belief that no objective moral truths exist across cultures, leading to challenges in critiquing harmful practices.
- Rachels highlights absurd outcomes of cultural relativism, including:
- Inability to criticize immoral practices in other cultures (e.g., Nazi Germany).
- Failure to challenge injustices within one's own culture (e.g., apartheid).
- Rejecting the notion of moral progress.
Concepts of the Self in Ethics
- Subjectivism: The belief that individuals determine their own moral values and judgments.
- Psychological Egoism: The assertion that self-interest drives all human actions.
- Ethical Egoism: Advocates actions in one’s self-interest as the ultimate ethical concern.
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
- Pre-Conventional Level: Morality based on obedience and personal gain.
- Conventional Level: Morality defined by societal norms and laws.
- Post-Conventional Level: Morality grounded in abstract principles and individual rights.
Ethical Dilemmas
- Killing vs. Letting Die: Distinction made between direct harm (pushing a person) and indirect responsibility (pulling a lever).
- Moral Challenges: Scenarios questioning the ethics of sacrificing one life to save many, reflecting on different moral frameworks.
Summary of Key Ethical Considerations
- Ethical inquiry involves balancing external societal influences against internal moral reasoning.
- Acknowledge the complexities and nuances in navigating moral landscapes influenced by culture, situational context, and individual beliefs.
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