Ethical Theories: Utilitarianism, Deontology

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According to utilitarianism, what is the ultimate criterion for judging the morality of an action?

Adherence to a predefined set of moral rules or duties.
The extent to which it maximizes happiness and minimizes unhappiness, considering everyone affected equally. (correct)
The intention behind the action, regardless of the outcome
Whether the action is approved by a majority of individuals in a moral democracy.

Which of the following scenarios would a utilitarian most likely support?

A government policy that slightly reduces the happiness of the majority to significantly improve the well-being of a marginalized group. (correct)
Strict adherence to a rule against lying, even if lying could prevent a greater harm.
Forced organ donation from a healthy individual to save five patients in critical condition.
Protecting individual rights at all costs, regardless of the consequences for overall happiness.

What is a key difference between utilitarianism and deontology?

Utilitarianism focuses on the intentions behind actions, while deontology focuses on the consequences.
Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, focusing on outcomes, while deontology focuses on adherence to moral rules or duties. (correct)
Utilitarianism is more concerned with individual rights, while deontology focuses on the overall welfare of society.
Utilitarianism asserts that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their consequences, while deontology prioritizes the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

What does the 'experience machine' thought experiment, proposed by Nozick, suggest about utilitarianism?

It challenges utilitarianism by suggesting that there are values other than happiness that people care about. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical theory is most likely to struggle with the justification of actions that violate individual rights, even if those actions lead to a greater overall happiness?

Utilitarianism (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Kant's categorical imperative, which principle is most crucial in determining the morality of an action?

The ability to universalize the maxim behind the action without contradiction. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In virtue ethics, how are virtues typically defined in relation to vices?

Virtues are the means between two vices, representing a balanced approach. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary criticism of virtue ethics concerning its practical application?

It provides insufficient guidance on how to act in specific moral dilemmas. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does Kant's categorical imperative address the treatment of individuals?

Individuals should always be treated as an end and never merely as a means. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario poses a challenge to deontological ethics?

A conflict between two moral rules, such as protecting life versus telling the truth. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Ethical Theories

Theories that attempt to define what makes behavior morally right or wrong.

Consequentialism

A type of ethical theory stating that the consequences of an action determine its moral status.

Utilitarianism

A sub-division of consequentialism, promote actions that maximize happiness and minimize unhappiness.

Utilitarianism Principles

Actions are judged solely by their consequences; happiness and unhappiness are the only relevant factors, with each person's happiness counting equally.