Ethical, Legal, and Economic Foundations of Educational Process Quiz

Cognitive Development and Learning

• Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes the unique, changing abilities of young children to think, conceptualize, communicate, and perform.
• Schema or mental framework is based on how external events are conceptualized, organized, and represented within each person's mind.

Social Learning Theory

• Role modeling involves copying the behavior of a model.
• Vicarious reinforcement involves perceiving the model as a reward.
• The social learning theory consists of five phases: attentional, retention, reproduction, motivational, and social constructivism.

Social Cognition

• Attribution involves identifying cause-and-effect relationships and explanations.
• Cognitive-emotional perspective recognizes the need to consider affect or emotion in learning.

Legal Terms Related to Nursing Practice

• Veracity involves truth-telling, which is closely linked to informed decision-making and informed consent.
• Competence refers to the patient's capacity to make decisions.
• Disclosure of information involves providing patients with necessary information.
• Comprehension refers to the individual's ability to understand and grasp information intellectually.
• Voluntariness involves making decisions without coercion or force.
• Confidentiality involves protecting personal information entrusted to healthcare professionals.
• Nonmaleficence is defined as "do not harm."
• Negligence involves conduct that falls below the standard established by law.

Defense Mechanisms

• Denial involves ignoring or refusing to acknowledge reality.
• Rationalization involves excusing or explaining away a threat.
• Displacement involves taking out hostility or aggression on other individuals rather than directing anger at the source of the threat.
• Repression involves keeping acceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions from conscious awareness.
• Regression involves returning to an earlier stage of behavior as a way of coping with stress.
• Intellectualization involves minimizing anxiety by responding to a threat in a detached, abstract manner without feeling or emotion.
• Projection involves seeing one's own unacceptable characteristics or desires in other people.
• Reaction formation involves expressing or behaving the opposite of what is really felt.
• Sublimation involves converting repressed feelings into socially acceptable actions.
• Compensation involves making up for weakness by excelling in other areas.

Humanistic Learning Theory

• This theory assumes that every individual is unique and has a desire to grow in a positive way.

Ethical, Legal, and Economic Foundations of Educational Process

• Ethics involve guiding principles of behavior that are accepted by society.
• Moral values refer to an individual's internal belief system, which is expressed externally through behavior.
• Ethical dilemmas involve specific types of moral conflicts in which two or more ethical principles apply but support mutually inconsistent courses of action.
• Legal rights and duties refer to rules governing behavior or conduct that are enforceable by law under threat of punishment or penalty.
• Code of ethics represents an articulation of nine provisions for professional values and moral obligations with respect to nurse-patient relationships and with respect to the profession and mission.

Ageism and Patient Education

• Ageism involves prejudice against older adults.
• Myths surrounding older adults include:
  • Senility: maintaining cognitive function into their 80's and 90's.
  • Rigid personality.
  • Loneliness.
• Crystallized intelligence involves intelligence absorbed over a lifetime.
• Fluid intelligence involves the capacity to perceive relationships, to reason, and perform abstract thinking and can be affected by factors such as slower processing and reaction time, persistence of stimulus, decreased short-term memory, increased test anxiety, and altered time perception.

Motivation

• Motivation is a process, state, or force that instigates and sustains goal-directed activities.
• It is an internal state that arouses, directs, and sustains human behavior.