Ethical Decision Making in Nonprofits
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Questions and Answers

What is a misconception regarding the ethical behavior of employees in nonprofit organizations?

  • Nonprofit organizations cannot have internal conflicts. (correct)
  • Employees in nonprofits may sometimes engage in unethical behavior.
  • All nonprofit organizations maintain high ethical standards. (correct)
  • Nonprofit organizations are immune to ethical violations. (correct)

    • Which factor does NOT influence perception in decision making?

  • Organizational culture
  • Individual differences
  • Emotional state
  • Standard operating procedures (correct)

    • How does bounded rationality affect decision making?

  • It restricts the decision-making process to manageable sets of information. (correct)
  • It encourages limitless options in decision making.
  • It eliminates emotional influences from decisions.
  • It leads to choosing the perfect option in decision making.

    • Which ethical decision criteria contrast with others in ethical decision making?

    <p>Compassionate decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the embezzlement scandal at the Healing Arts Initiative?

    <p>Members of the board faced legal actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect distinguishes intuition from rational decision making?

    <p>Intuition often involves emotional and subconscious processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of attribution theory?

    <p>It assesses the motives behind behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a stage in the three-stage model of creativity?

    <p>Evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of its income does the Wounded Warrior Project spend on programs and services?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a significant concern regarding the financial practices of the Wounded Warrior Project?

    <p>Overspending on executive compensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did former supervisor William Chick claim about the organization?

    <p>It increasingly focused on raising money over helping veterans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement emphasizes accountability and transparency in nonprofit organizations?

    <p>Effective altruism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor that influences individual perception in organizations?

    <p>Personal characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did some supervisors perceive employees who started work earlier in the day?

    <p>As more conscientious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact can isolated nonprofit scandals have on donor perceptions?

    <p>Cause generalized distrust in all nonprofits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, why is perception essential in Organizational Behavior (OB)?

    <p>It influences decision-making and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'meta-charities' refer to?

    <p>Organizations that provide performance ratings of nonprofits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible misconception about employees in ethical dilemmas within nonprofits?

    <p>All nonprofit employees are ethical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence did the negative publicity have on donor behavior towards the Wounded Warrior Project?

    <p>Withdrawal of donations from certain individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can sometimes counteract biased perceptions in the workplace?

    <p>Objective evaluations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue arises when focusing only on isolated nonprofit scandals?

    <p>Forming a negative stereotype of all nonprofits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences the attribution of an individual's task performance according to the consistency of behavior?

    <p>Internal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental attribution error?

    <p>Underestimating external influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals often perceive their successes and failures in a workplace setting?

    <p>Attribute successes to internal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultural perspective tends to attribute blame to individuals more than to the group?

    <p>Individualistic cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach can help change the perception of daily lateness as an ethical decision?

    <p>Analyze motives for morning decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do self-serving biases reflect in terms of personal perception of success and failure?

    <p>The attribution of blame to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cultural differences influence the attribution of blame for failures according to the content?

    <p>Individualistic cultures focus on personal responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a common misconception regarding punctuality in the workplace?

    <p>Punctuality affects perceptions of professionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tends to happen to our perception when we face ambiguous feedback?

    <p>Individuals accept positive feedback but reject negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In attribution theory, what is the significance of the three cues: distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency?

    <p>They help in assessing blame for actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between a manager's cultural background and their attribution of blame for a team's performance?

    <p>Cultural background influences blame attribution differently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Katelyn's consistent task performance lead others to likely attribute to her work?

    <p>Internal responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem with selective perception?

    <p>It allows for inaccurate conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the halo effect influence individual judgments?

    <p>By forming a positive impression based on a single characteristic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How quickly do people form impressions of others during an interview?

    <p>Within a tenth of a second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do early impressions in an interview have on hiring decisions?

    <p>They carry more weight than later information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the contrast effect in evaluations?

    <p>It distorts perceptions based on recent interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stereotyping can lead to which of the following outcomes?

    <p>Unfair evaluations based on group perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the self-fulfilling prophecy?

    <p>A misjudgment that impacts future behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a consequence of subjective evaluations in performance appraisals?

    <p>They can lead to biased outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ethical decision-making, what can enhance moral choices?

    <p>Considering potential outcomes for others involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a horns effect?

    <p>Making derogatory assumptions based on a single negative trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do positive stereotypes play according to the research mentioned?

    <p>They can create pressure to perform at a specific level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to white men who are activated with the stereotype that they are better at math?

    <p>They tend to leave math and science majors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might selective perception lead to unwarranted conclusions?

    <p>It narrows focus to emotionally significant stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do stereotypes play in decision-making?

    <p>They simplify complex judgments and can lead to inaccuracies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of performance appraisal is mentioned as being objective?

    <p>Sales-dollar generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically contribute to selective perception?

    <p>Comprehensive observation of all stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can excessive reliance on stereotypes lead to?

    <p>Reinforcement of group-based differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a faulty perception influencing behavior?

    <p>Self-fulfilling prophecy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk of relying on stereotypes in evaluations?

    <p>Reinforcement of existing biases and prejudices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial for effective organizational decision-making?

    <p>Understanding the perception process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the halo and horns effects is accurate?

    <p>They can disrupt objective evaluation processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can managers mitigate the impacts of the halo and horns effects?

    <p>By gathering comprehensive evaluations from multiple sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can performance expectations affect employees?

    <p>They motivate employees to exceed minimal performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'contrast effect' imply in organizational behavior?

    <p>Perceptions influenced by comparisons with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a significant drawback of using positive stereotypes?

    <p>They can lead to feelings of depersonalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can cognitive complexity affect moral choices?

    <p>By promoting deeper analysis of implications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to collect input from multiple evaluators during hiring?

    <p>It helps paint a more reliable picture of a candidate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT related to perception errors in performance evaluations?

    <p>Result-oriented metrics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that influences how we perceive a target?

    <p>The background context of the target</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following exemplifies internal attribution?

    <p>An employee is late because they overslept after partying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does distinctiveness factor influence attribution?

    <p>It assesses whether a behavior is common across different situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of prejudice in the workplace?

    <p>Unfair judgment of individuals with criminal records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best explanation for why context matters in perception?

    <p>The same individual can be perceived differently based on situational factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements aligns with attribution theory?

    <p>Attribution depends on understanding distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help reduce inaccuracies in perception?

    <p>Awareness and objective measures of bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does consensus refer to in attribution theory?

    <p>The frequency with which others behave similarly in the same situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do we consider a behavior to have high distinctiveness?

    <p>When it appears unusual for that individual in most contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can differences in characteristics influence perception?

    <p>They can lead to harmful stereotypes or positive recognition based on uniqueness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What example demonstrates a positive perception impacted by unexpected differences?

    <p>A formally dressed professor at a casual class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does attribution theory explain about our perceptions of others' behaviors?

    <p>Our judgments depend on multiple situational and personal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can perceptions of criminal records affect workplace dynamics?

    <p>They lead to prejudgment and can impact hiring decisions negatively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is crucial for enhancing creativity in diverse teams according to studies?

    <p>Effective leadership that encourages perspective taking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of creativity, what role does management's attitude towards new ideas play?

    <p>It can create biases against creative ideas due to uncertainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best characterizes creative outcomes in an organizational context?

    <p>Creative outcomes must be both novel and useful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can newcomers contribute to team creativity based on the findings presented?

    <p>They often produce creative ideas that challenge existing norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant finding regarding team diversity and creativity?

    <p>Diversity can hinder creativity without effective leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might enhance the implementation of creative ideas according to relevant research?

    <p>Strong networking ability and individual motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element can diminish collective creativity in a team environment?

    <p>Punitive and unsupportive leadership behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do biases affect the perception of new ideas in organizations?

    <p>They contribute to a collective rejection of uncertainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective strategy for improving creative output in teams?

    <p>Fostering an environment that supports sharing of diverse knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is essential for a team to benefit from diversity in terms of creativity?

    <p>Team members should openly share diverse experiences and ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trait is correlated with greater creativity according to research?

    <p>Openness to experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does intrinsic motivation relate to creativity?

    <p>It correlates moderately with creative outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is commonly associated with creative individuals?

    <p>Proactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does high core self-evaluations predict about an individual’s creativity?

    <p>Better ability to maintain creativity in negative situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor may weaken creativity in the workplace?

    <p>Creating a competitive climate where achievement is valued at any cost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does expertise influence creativity?

    <p>It serves as the single most important predictor of creative potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological factor is positively associated with creativity?

    <p>Self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental condition is essential for fostering creativity?

    <p>Motivation to be creative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of larger social networks on creativity?

    <p>They allow greater exposure to diverse ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the 'mad genius' theory?

    <p>It suggests that mental illness can contribute to creativity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do managers play in fostering creativity?

    <p>They can link teams to additional information and resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cultural dimension of individuality influence creativity?

    <p>Countries high in individuality are correlated with higher creativity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of a lack of motivation in a creative environment?

    <p>Reduced likelihood of demonstrating creative behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is not typically associated with creative individuals?

    <p>Lack of perseverance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically influences individual decision making in organizations?

    <p>Personal perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a problem in decision making?

    <p>It involves a discrepancy between current and desired states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might people not follow the rational decision-making model?

    <p>They lack sufficient information-processing capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'satisficing' mean in the context of bounded rationality?

    <p>Seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the rational decision-making model, what is assumed about the available information?

    <p>It is entirely available and complete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do decision-makers typically ignore when they perceive a problem?

    <p>Alternative courses of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do perceptions affect the decision to say no?

    <p>People feel guilty and obligated after saying no</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does bounded rationality simplify decision making?

    <p>By constructing simplified models of problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common decision-making error people may commit?

    <p>Failing to identify all relevant data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is not a feature of the rational decision-making model?

    <p>Overlooking all constraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is likely to have different perceptions of a problem?

    <p>Managers from different divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What often influences the outcomes of decisions made within organizations?

    <p>The decision maker's perceptions and evaluations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a perception error in decisions?

    <p>Overestimating the relevance of one piece of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can decision-making processes be improved within organizations?

    <p>By acknowledging decision-making errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cultural background influence decision making?

    <p>It affects the speed and method of decision-making processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of how organizational constraints can limit decision makers?

    <p>Rules and policies dictate how decisions are made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the influence of performance evaluation systems on managers' decisions?

    <p>They can lead managers to hide negative information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cultural differences in time orientation indicate?

    <p>Decision-making speed varies significantly between cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an anchor have on salary negotiations?

    <p>It influences the range of offers considered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does utilitarianism function as an ethical decision criterion?

    <p>It emphasizes achieving the best outcomes for the majority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is confirmation bias?

    <p>The selective gathering of information that supports prior decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is typical of decision-making in Japan?

    <p>Group-oriented consensus forming before reaching decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people typically overstate the risk of flying?

    <p>Air accidents receive more media coverage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant constraint faced by managers regarding time when making decisions?

    <p>Decisions often come with explicit deadlines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers escalation of commitment in decision-making?

    <p>A feeling of responsibility for the outcome of a decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor most heavily influences a manager’s decision to pursue riskier choices?

    <p>The organization's reward systems that favor risk aversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can historical precedents in decision making lead to?

    <p>Constrained choices based on previous decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does risk aversion affect decision-making?

    <p>People prefer guaranteed outcomes over risky prospects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark of availability bias?

    <p>Recent or vivid information is given more weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which culture is more likely to value acceptance of situations rather than problem-solving?

    <p>Thailand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does rationality play in decision-making across different cultures?

    <p>It influences the perceived appropriateness of decision-making processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the randomness error?

    <p>The belief that random events have predictable outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can escalation of commitment be viewed positively?

    <p>Persistence in the face of failure can achieve significant goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ethical approach of utilitarianism assess the outcomes of decisions?

    <p>By determining the overall efficiency and productivity of the outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence might a firm face for promoting managers who avoid controversy?

    <p>Organizational effectiveness may decline over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best describes the concept of anchoring bias?

    <p>Setting an initial salary expectation with little flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could potentially reduce the impact of confirmation bias?

    <p>Seeking diverse sources of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these describes the impact of emotional experiences on availability bias?

    <p>Vivid emotional experiences are more likely to be recalled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the process of making a satisficing choice?

    <p>Choosing the first acceptable option encountered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might escalated commitment affect a decision maker's evaluation of new information?

    <p>It may lead to a biased interpretation favoring initial decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates risk-averse individuals in decision-making?

    <p>The dislike for uncertainty and preference for guaranteed outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best represents the concept of bounded rationality in decision making?

    <p>It implies that decisions are often influenced by emotional and social factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some experts remain skeptical about intuitive decision making?

    <p>It is difficult to measure and analyze effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can overconfidence bias negatively affect decision making?

    <p>It causes people to underestimate the information required for good decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception related to anchoring bias?

    <p>It leads people to give undue weight to the first piece of information they encounter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is considered a characteristic of intuitive decision making?

    <p>It engages emotions and relies on holistic associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suggested method to reduce biases in decision making?

    <p>Triangulating on the focal issue by drawing on multiple sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of decision making does overconfidence bias primarily affect?

    <p>The accuracy of estimates and confidence levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of a satisficing approach over a rational decision-making model?

    <p>It requires less time and resources to reach a decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can intuitive decision making complement rational decision making?

    <p>By forming hypotheses to test against objective data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When might a fast-and-frugal process be preferable in decision making?

    <p>When the stakes of a decision are low.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does emotional engagement play in intuitive decision making?

    <p>It enhances the quality of the decisions made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes systematic biases in decision making?

    <p>They can distort rationality by simplifying choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can ethical concerns be affected by bounded rationality?

    <p>It restricts awareness of duties toward others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior is likely to be exhibited by CEOs at risk of termination?

    <p>They become more risk averse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically influences a person's risk preference during stressful situations?

    <p>They may become risk-seeking to avoid negative outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hindsight bias?

    <p>The belief that outcomes were predictable beforehand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does personality affect decision-making processes, particularly for achievement-oriented individuals?

    <p>They escalate their commitment to avoid failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of respondents in South Korea chose to push the heavy man off the bridge?

    <p>0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of self-esteem on decision-making?

    <p>It increases susceptibility to the self-serving bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical criterion emphasizes protecting individual rights such as free speech?

    <p>Deonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation do women tend to improve their decision-making quality compared to men?

    <p>In stressful situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does answering questions in a non-native language have on utilitarian viewpoints?

    <p>Increases the likelihood of utilitarian choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective emphasizes making decisions based on moral norms or laws?

    <p>Deonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is closely linked to the tendency to ruminate and overanalyze among individuals?

    <p>Gender differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does mental ability have on decision-making with regards to common decision errors?

    <p>It assists in avoiding some errors but not all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increasingly influences consumer choices regarding goods and services?

    <p>Effective CSR initiatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behavioral ethics?

    <p>Emphasizes global ethical standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tendency might be observed in individuals who are high in achievement-striving?

    <p>They may exhibit hindsight bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might organizations influence the decision-making styles of their employees?

    <p>By creating an environment that constrains decision choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect may raise ethical decision making in organizations according to the content?

    <p>Encouraging discussions about moral issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge when addressing individual rights and social justice in decision making?

    <p>Increased ambiguity and uncertainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of the self-serving bias in individuals with high self-esteem?

    <p>They tend to rationalize their mistakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates managers to adopt utilitarian perspectives in decision making?

    <p>Organizational and stockholder interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can increase the likelihood of risk-averse behavior in decision-making?

    <p>Framing decisions negatively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does gender play in the cognitive processes involved in decision making?

    <p>Women tend to analyze past decisions more than men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might environmental aspects such as cleanliness affect decision making in organizations?

    <p>Affect perceptions of ethical behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a whistle-blower?

    <p>Someone who reports unethical practices to authorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may escalate commitment in decision-making?

    <p>An inflated perception of success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon explains the potential difficulty individuals have in recognizing their own moral shortcomings?

    <p>Moral blind spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of value is most often associated with a utilitarian approach to ethics?

    <p>Greatest good for the majority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is corporate social responsibility becoming more integral to business practices?

    <p>It helps attract consumers and talent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of the three-stage model of creativity?

    <p>Problem formulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the stage of information gathering in the creative process?

    <p>Incubating possible solutions in the mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does idea generation typically occur?

    <p>A mix of solo and collaborative efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about idea evaluation is true?

    <p>It requires evaluating potential solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do incentives play in promoting honesty?

    <p>They increase the likelihood of honesty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with higher creative potential?

    <p>Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended that those who evaluate ideas should differ from those who generate them?

    <p>To reduce bias in the evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of creative behavior in organizations?

    <p>Innovation and novel solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can creative information gathering be enhanced?

    <p>By engaging with individuals from different fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT typically associated with creative potential?

    <p>Strict adherence to rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the founders of Eco Safety Products recognize as a significant issue?

    <p>Unsafe chemical compounds in paints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an innovative method used by Mark Cuban for idea evaluation?

    <p>Crowdsourcing uniform designs from fans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines creative behavior?

    <p>Actions that produce novel and useful ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of the three-stage model of creativity?

    <p>To foster an environment where innovative ideas thrive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical dilemma might a Canadian facing business practices in China encounter?

    <p>Should I pay a bribe to secure business?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is lying a common ethical issue in decision making?

    <p>It is difficult for others to detect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common myth about body language and lying has been disproven by researchers?

    <p>Body language can indicate lying reliably.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique in lie detection has shown little empirical support according to researchers?

    <p>Analyzing facial expressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mark Twain suggested that we should train ourselves to do what regarding lying?

    <p>Lie thoughtfully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor tends to influence an individual's tendency to lie in the future?

    <p>Their past experiences with undetected lies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding our ability to detect lies?

    <p>People are often very good at detecting liars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important first step in reducing personal lying, according to behavioral scientists?

    <p>Stop lying to oneself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying reason do researchers believe contributes to the prevalence of lying?

    <p>Lying begins at a very early age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the research suggest about reading people's expressions for detecting lies?

    <p>It yields little reliable information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is suggested as a method to encourage organizations to foster honest behavior?

    <p>Reward honesty within the workplace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the conclusions drawn by psychologist Maria Hartwig about lie detection?

    <p>Verbal communication is more informative than body language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of a bad liar might help in detecting lies?

    <p>They lack meticulousness in their stories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To whom did research suggest that people may have a heightened ability to detect lies?

    <p>Close family members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'moral hypocrisy' refer to in the context of self-perception about lying?

    <p>Believing oneself to be more honest than others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Perception and Individual Decision Making

    • Perception is a process of organizing and interpreting sensory impressions to understand the environment. It's important because behavior is based on perceived reality, not objective reality.
    • Factors influencing perception:
      • Perceiver: Attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations can shape perceptions. Example: supervisors with early morning habits might view early-arriving employees as more conscientious.
      • Target: Characteristics of the target (e.g., relationship to background, grouping by similarity) and how it is perceived influences perception. Example: target's differences from expectations may be considered favorably.
      • Situation: Context (time, location, light, heat) can influence perception. Example: noticing someone in formal attire in a management class (but not on a social night out).

    Attribution Theory

    • Attribution theory explains why we judge people differently based on the meaning we give to their behaviors.
    • It determines whether a behavior is internally or externally caused.
    • Internally caused behaviors are believed to be under the individual's control.
    • Externally caused behaviors are attributed to the situation.
    • Factors determining attribution:
      • Distinctiveness: Does the person act differently in other situations?
      • Consensus: Do others in similar situations act the same way?
      • Consistency: Does the person act the same way repeatedly over time?
    • Errors/biases in attribution:
      • Fundamental attribution error: Overestimating the impact of internal factors and underestimating external factors when judging others.
      • Self-serving bias: Attributing success to internal factors and failure to external factors.
      • Cultural variations: Attributions differ across cultures.

    Shortcuts in Judging Others

    • Selective perception: We only notice certain stimuli depending on our interests, background, experience, and attitudes.
    • Halo/Horns effect: Drawing positive/negative impressions based on one prominent characteristic.
    • Contrast effect: Evaluation influenced by recently encountered people who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
    • Stereotyping: Judging someone based on their group membership. This can create distortions in perception and decision-making.

    Perception and Decision Making

    • Decision making is a choice from multiple alternatives, often based on perception and interpretation.
    • Problems arise from gaps between desired and current states. Perception affects whether a situation is a problem, and what action may be needed.
    • Decision making involves screening, processing, and interpreting information. Biases in perception distort decision-making process
    • Saying "no" and ethical behavior are interconnected. Perceiving an action as ethical can change our behavior if our actions are seen as unethical by others.

    Decision Making in Organizations

    • Rational Decision-Making Model: A six-step model assuming complete information, unbiased evaluation of alternatives, and selection of the optimal choice.
    • Bounded Rationality: Making decisions with limited information and processing capabilities; selecting "good enough" options.
    • Intuition: Making decisions based on unconscious processes and distilled experience; often complementary to rational analysis.

    Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making

    • Overconfidence bias: Overestimating our abilities and the quality of information.
    • Anchoring bias: Over-reliance on initial information, adjusting insufficiently for new information.
    • Confirmation bias: Seeking/interpreting information that confirms existing beliefs.
    • Availability bias: Assessing probability of events based on the ease of remembering instances of those events.
    • Escalation of commitment: Persisting with a failing course of action due to sunk costs.
    • Randomness error: Believing one can predict outcomes of random events or inventing patterns.
    • Risk aversion: Preference for a sure thing over riskier prospects/options, unless the negative/loss is large.
    • Hindsight bias: Assessing past events as having been predictable.

    Influences on Decision Making

    • Individual differences: Personality (conscientiousness, self-esteem), gender, mental ability, and cultural background influence decision making.
    • Organizational constraints: Organizational performance evaluation systems, reward systems, formal regulations, time constraints, and historical precedents influence decision making.

    Ethics in Decision Making

    • Three ethical criteria:
      • Utilitarianism: Greatest good for the greatest number of people.
      • Rights: Respecting fundamental liberties.
      • Justice: Fair and impartial treatment of all.
    • Behavioral ethics: Analyzes how people act in ethical dilemmas; reveals that ethical behavior depends on the situation.
    • Lying: Lying is a significant ethical challenge and difficult to detect.

    Creativity and Innovation

    • Creativity is the ability to produce novel and useful ideas,

      • Three-stage model:
        • Problem formulation: Identifying problems/opportunities requiring novel solutions.
        • Information gathering: Learning about the problem/opportunity and collecting relevant information.
        • Idea generation: Developing potential solutions.
        • Idea evaluation: Evaluating ideas to find the best solution.

    • Causes of creative behavior:

      • Creative potential: Intelligence, personality, expertise, motivation.
      • Creative environment: Motivation, reward systems, organizational support for creativity, job characteristics, culture, leadership

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in ethical decision-making within nonprofit organizations. Questions cover misconceptions about employee behavior, the influences on perception, and the effects of bounded rationality. Test your understanding of ethical frameworks and models of creativity as they apply to the nonprofit sector.

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