Essentials of Living World: Circulation & Respiration

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Questions and Answers

What is the lifespan of a monocyte in the blood?

5 days

1 day

3 days (correct)

7 days

Which blood cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?

T lymphocyte

B lymphocyte (correct)

Basophil

Monocyte

What is the main function of eosinophils?

Inflammatory response

Defense against parasites (correct)

Blood clotting

Cellular immune response

Which blood cell has a known lifespan of 7 to 8 days?

Platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T lymphocytes?

Cellular immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood cell's lifespan remains unknown?

Basophil Signup and view all the answers

How many chambers does a human heart have?

Four Signup and view all the answers

What is the precursor of tissue macrophages?

Monocyte Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary elements that make up the vertebrate circulatory system?

Heart, blood vessels, blood Signup and view all the answers

How does blood primarily move through the circulatory system?

From the heart through vessels Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cardiovascular system play in temperature regulation?

It retains heat through countercurrent exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

Facilitate gas exchange in tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about veins is true?

Veins carry blood back to the heart Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic allows capillaries to manage blood flow effectively?

They have the greatest total cross-sectional area Signup and view all the answers

What process does the circulatory system utilize to protect against foreign microbes?

Blood clotting mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes arteries from other blood vessels?

They are elastic and narrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of smooth muscle in arterial walls?

To assist in the expansion and contraction Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes capillaries from arteries?

Narrow diameter and thin walls Signup and view all the answers

Why do veins have thinner walls compared to arteries?

Blood pressure in veins is lower Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of unidirectional valves in veins contribute to blood flow?

They prevent the backward flow of blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between open and closed circulatory systems?

Closed systems have blood enclosed within vessels; open systems do not. Signup and view all the answers

What components are dissolved in blood plasma?

Proteins, hormones, and vitamins Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are known to have a closed circulatory system?

Earthworms and vertebrates. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding capillaries?

They are designed for nutrient and gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluid used in an open circulatory system called?

Hemolymph. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of proteins in blood plasma?

To help keep water in the plasma Signup and view all the answers

How does blood pressure in capillaries compare to that in arteries?

It is significantly lower Signup and view all the answers

How do arthropods, such as insects, transport hemolymph?

Via a muscular tube that functions as a heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of arteries in a closed circulatory system?

To carry blood away from the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the exchange process in a closed circulatory system?

Capillaries allow for the exchange of gases and nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of a circulatory system?

Transportation of nutrients and gases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding how nutrients and gases move in single-celled organisms?

They use diffusion to acquire nutrients and oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the left ventricle in the heart?

To contract and send oxygenated blood to the body Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels return oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart?

Pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tricuspid valve?

To permit blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What causes the 'Lub' sound during a heartbeat?

Closure of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves Signup and view all the answers

Where does the right ventricle send deoxygenated blood?

To the lungs via the pulmonary arteries Signup and view all the answers

What measurement device is used to assess blood pressure?

Sphygmomanometer Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes diastolic pressure?

Low pressure when the ventricles are relaxed Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the heart valves do not fully close?

A heart murmur is heard Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of alveoli in the human respiratory system?

To facilitate gas exchange with the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which structure acts as the primary muscle for breathing?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

How does air primarily enter the lungs during inhalation?

By active muscle contraction decreasing internal lung pressure Signup and view all the answers

What role do the pleural membranes play in the respiratory system?

To couple the lungs to the thoracic cavity wall Signup and view all the answers

During exhalation, what causes air to be expelled from the lungs?

Pressure in the lungs exceeding external pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of hemoglobin in the respiratory process?

To carry oxygen in the circulatory system Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly describes the path of air during inhalation?

Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does NOT form a part of the upper respiratory tract?

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Circulation and Respiration

Learning changes everything.
Essentials of the Living World, Seventh Edition is the textbook.
The textbook authors are George Johnson and Joel Bergh.
Unicellular protists obtain oxygen and nutrients directly through simple diffusion.
Cnidarians and flatworms have cells directly exposed to the environment or gastrovascular cavity.
Large animals have tissues that are multiple layers thick, making surface exchange difficult.
Circulatory systems transport oxygen and nutrients from the environment and digestive cavity to body cells.
Two types of circulatory systems exist: open and closed.

Open Circulatory Systems

No distinction between circulating fluid (blood) and extracellular fluid.
The fluid is called hemolymph.
Insects have a muscular tube (heart) that pumps hemolymph through open-ended channels.

Closed Circulatory Systems

Circulating fluid (blood) is always contained within blood vessels.
Annelids (like earthworms) and all vertebrates have a closed circulatory system.
Blood flows away from the heart in arteries.
Gases and nutrients exchange through thin-walled capillaries.
Blood returns to the heart via veins.

Circulatory System Functions

Transportation of gases, nutrients, waste, and hormones.
Regulation of body temperature (e.g., countercurrent heat exchange in vertebrates).
Protection against injury and foreign microbes/toxins.

Vertebrate Circulatory System Architecture

Consists of a heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Blood travels from the heart through arteries, then arterioles, then capillaries for exchange, then venules, and finally back to the heart in veins.
Capillaries have a large total cross-sectional area, allowing efficient exchange.
Capillary beds can open and close based on tissue needs.

Artery Structure

Arteries are more than simple pipes, needing to expand with heart pressure.
Walls have three layers: innermost endothelial cells, middle elastic fibers and smooth muscle, and outermost connective tissue.

Capillary Structure

Capillaries are narrow with thin walls for exchange.
Almost all body cells are close to a capillary.
Blood pressure is lower in capillaries than in arteries.

Vein Structure

Vein walls are thinner than artery walls due to lower pressure.
Veins have unidirectional valves that prevent backflow.

Blood Plasma Composition

Blood plasma is a water solution with three dissolved substances: - Metabolites / wastes (e.g., glucose, vitamins, hormones). - Salts / ions (e.g., sodium, chloride, bicarbonate). - Proteins (help maintain water balance; include serum albumin, antibodies, globulins, and fibrinogen - important for clotting).

Cellular Components of Blood

Nearly half of blood volume is comprised of cells. - Red blood cells (carry oxygen using hemoglobin). - Hematocrit: The fraction of blood volume occupied by red blood cells (usually about 45% in humans). - White blood cells (part of the immune system). - Platelets (involved in blood clotting).
Red blood cells are flat disks with a central depression and are packed with hemoglobin.
White blood cells lack hemoglobin.
Platelets are cell fragments with a role in clotting.

Human Circulatory System

Humans and other mammals have a four-chambered heart with two pumping circuits.
One side pumps blood to the lungs for oxygen pickup, and the other side sends oxygenated blood to the body.
The heart cycle involves the atria and ventricles; valves regulate blood flow.
Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart via pulmonary veins to the left atrium, then left ventricle and out to the body.
Deoxygenated blood goes from the body through the vena cavae to the right atrium, then right ventricle, then to the lungs via pulmonary arteries.

Heart Sounds

"Lub-dub" sounds are caused by valve closure during the heartbeat cycle.
A heart murmur indicates incomplete valve closure.

Blood Pressure Measurement

- Sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure.

Systolic pressure is the peak pressure during ventricular contraction.
Diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure during atrial filling.

Heart Contraction

The heart's contraction is a coordinated process. - The SA node is the heart's pacemaker, initiating the rhythm and atria contraction. - The AV node delays the signal to the ventricles, allowing for the complete atrial contraction.
- The impulse passes down to a bundle of His, and then to Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract almost simultaneously.
ECG (electrocardiogram) measures electrical signals during the heart cycle.

Respiratory Systems

Respiration involves oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release.
Most primitive animals obtain O2 through direct diffusion from the environment.
More advanced animals have specialized respiratory organs such as gills, tracheae, and lungs; which improve the efficiency of respiration.

Human Respiratory System

Lungs are terrestrial adaptations.
A pair of lungs resides in the thoracic cavity.
Air enters through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and then into alveoli (for gas exchange with blood).
The diaphragm and rib muscles drive breathing (inhalation and exhalation).
Negative pressure draws air into the lungs during inhalation, and pressure increases during exhalation.

Respiration (Gas Exchange)

Oxygen is transported by hemoglobin in the blood.
Hemoglobin carries O₂ in the lungs, and releases it in tissues under high CO2 levels.
CO2 is transported in the blood in several ways.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of circulation and respiration as outlined in 'Essentials of the Living World' by Johnson and Bergh. This quiz covers topics related to unicellular organisms, open and closed circulatory systems, and their importance for nutrient and oxygen transport in various species. Test your understanding of these critical biological processes!