Essential Nutrients Overview

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Questions and Answers

What are the four major categories of essential nutrients discussed in the text?

Vitamins, minerals, proteins, and carbohydrates

Which of the following are NOT water-soluble vitamins?

  • B3
  • B6
  • E (correct)
  • K (correct)
  • C
  • A (correct)
  • B1
  • B2
  • D (correct)
  • B12

What are the two main categories of minerals?

  • Essential minerals
  • Trace minerals (correct)
  • Non-essential minerals
  • Macrominerals (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

<p>Hormonal regulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All carbohydrates provide 4 kilocalories per gram.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main categories of carbohydrates?

<p>Simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main phases of metabolism?

<p>Anabolism and catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key organs involved in mechanical digestion?

<p>Mouth (B), Stomach (E), Small intestine (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main features of mechanical digestion?

<p>Mastication, churning and mixing, and peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of salivary glands in chemical digestion?

<p>Breaking down starches into simpler sugars like maltose and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pepsin in chemical digestion?

<p>Begins protein digestion by breaking down polypeptides into smaller peptides in an acidic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bile in digestion?

<p>Emulsification of fats and absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bile is also involved in waste elimination.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four primary functions of the digestive system?

<p>Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a key feature of mechanical digestion?

<p>Peristaltic movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the liver in the digestive system?

<p>Processes absorbed nutrients, converts them into usable forms, and regulates blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

The digestive system is made up of the alimentary canal and accessory organs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site for nutrient absorption in the digestive system?

<p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organs with their functions:

<p>Mouth = Mechanical and chemical digestion begins here Pharynx = Connects the mouth to the esophagus Esophagus = Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach Stomach = Mixes food with gastric juices Small intestine = Primary site for nutrient absorption Large intestine = Absorbs water from indigestible food matter Rectum = Stores feces Anus = Opening for waste expulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between metabolism and digestion?

<p>Digestion provides essential nutrients that fuel metabolic processes, and hormonal regulation triggered by digested food influences both anabolic and catabolic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary mechanisms of digestion?

<p>Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of mechanical digestion?

<p>Hormonal regulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in chemical digestion?

<p>They break down complex food molecules into simpler forms that the body can absorb</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of digestive enzymes?

<p>Carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, protein-digesting enzymes (proteases), and fat-digesting enzymes (lipases)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of gastric lipase?

<p>Initiates fat digestion in the acidic environment of the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between drug misuse and drug abuse?

<p>Drug misuse involves using drugs for non-medical purposes, often without a prescription, while drug abuse involves using drugs for non-medical purposes to achieve a high or cope with emotional distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drug addiction is a major health concern, often leading to severe health, social, and legal issues.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common reason for drug use among adolescents?

<p>Family history of drug use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are potential impacts of drug use and abuse?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Behavioral risk factors can increase the likelihood of drug abuse.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five main classes of drugs based on their effects on the body and mind?

<p>Stimulants, depressants, opioids, hallucinogens, and cannabinoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of stimulants on the body?

<p>Increase alertness, attention, and energy; can lead to increased heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of depressants on the body?

<p>Slow down the central nervous system; can cause relaxation but also impair coordination and judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of opioids on the body?

<p>Provide pain relief but can lead to euphoria; high potential for addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of hallucinogens on the body?

<p>Alter perception, mood, and cognitive processes; may cause hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of cannabinoids on the body?

<p>Can induce relaxation and alter sensory perception; may impair short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alcohol use is a prevalent societal issue with a range of effects, from moderate consumption to severe abuse.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main categories of factors that contribute to alcohol use disorders?

<p>Biological factors, psychological factors, and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetics play a significant role in alcohol use disorders.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the psychological factors that can contribute to alcohol use disorders?

<p>Mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder; personality traits like impulsiveness or low self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an environmental factor that can contribute to alcohol use disorders?

<p>Cognitive abilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the social factors that can contribute to alcohol use disorders?

<p>Cultural attitudes towards drinking that normalize excessive consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are NOT health effects of alcohol abuse?

<p>Improved insulin sensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the social consequences of alcohol abuse?

<p>Strained relationships with family and friends due to behavioral changes and impaired judgment; legal issues related to behaviors like driving under the influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

The financial burden of alcohol abuse only includes healthcare costs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some key elements of a multifaceted approach to address alcohol use and abuse?

<p>Education, support systems, and professional treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exercise has no impact on the endocrine system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

<p>Acts as a control center, releasing hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production in the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major hormones produced by the pituitary gland?

<p>Growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thyroid gland?

<p>Regulates metabolism through hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a hormone produced by the adrenal glands?

<p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pancreas in the endocrine system?

<p>Regulates blood sugar levels through the hormones insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gonads are responsible for the production of sex hormones.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pineal gland?

<p>Produces melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the parathyroid glands?

<p>Regulate calcium levels in the blood through parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the acute hormonal responses to exercise?

<p>Increased cortisol, adrenaline, and norepinephrine levels; stimulated growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the chronic hormonal adaptations that occur with regular physical activity?

<p>Improved insulin sensitivity, balanced hormonal levels, and endorphin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands, each responsible for producing specific hormones that regulate various bodily functions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the endocrine system and exercise?

<p>Exercise induces hormonal responses that enhance metabolic functions, improve mood, support muscle growth, and maintain homeostasis; Understanding this relationship can help tailor exercise for better health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur as a result of elevated cortisol levels?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major hormones involved in regulating blood sugar levels?

<p>Insulin, glucagon, and cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucagon?

<p>Raises blood sugar levels by promoting the release of glucose from liver stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the primary functions of cortisol?

<p>Regulates metabolism, controls blood sugar levels, reduces inflammation, and helps manage stress responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adrenaline (epinephrine)?

<p>Increases heart rate, blood flow, and energy availability during stress ('fight or flight' response)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)?

<p>Regulate metabolism, energy production, growth, and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of growth hormone (GH)?

<p>Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration; affects protein metabolism and fat distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of estrogen?

<p>Regulates female reproductive functions, menstrual cycle, and secondary sexual characteristics; important for bone health</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of progesterone?

<p>Prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg; regulates the menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of luteinizing hormone (LH)?

<p>Triggers ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone production in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

<p>Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

<p>Regulates calcium levels in the blood; increases calcium absorption from bones and kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of melatonin?

<p>Regulates sleep-wake cycles; influences circadian rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the short-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

<p>Increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, improved oxygen utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the long-term effects of regular physical activity on the cardiovascular system?

<p>Decreased resting heart rate, enhanced cardiac function, reduced risk factors for cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Water-soluble vitamins

Vitamins that are not stored in the body, needing regular intake.

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins stored in the body's fatty tissues and liver.

Macrominerals

Minerals needed in larger amounts for bone health and other functions.

Microminerals

Minerals required in smaller amounts, crucial for enzyme function

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Essential amino acids

Amino acids the body can't produce, needing dietary intake.

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Non-essential amino acids

Amino acids the body can produce itself.

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Simple carbohydrates

Sugars that provide quick energy but lead to blood sugar spikes.

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Complex carbohydrates

Carbohydrates from whole grains, legumes, and vegetables that provide sustained energy.

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Anabolism

Building up of molecules in the body for growth and repair.

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Catabolism

Breaking down molecules in the body to release energy.

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Insulin

Hormone lowering blood sugar levels.

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Glucagon

Hormone raising blood sugar levels.

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Mechanical digestion

Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.

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Chemical digestion

Biochemical breakdown of food using enzymes into simpler forms.

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Amylase

Enzyme that breaks down starches into sugars.

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Pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach.

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Trypsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine.

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Lipase

Enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids.

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Bile

Substance that aids fat digestion and absorption.

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Emulsification

Breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets.

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Metabolism

All chemical reactions in the body's cells to use food for energy.

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Study Notes

Essential Nutrients

  • Essential nutrients are crucial for maintaining health and supporting bodily functions
  • Four major categories are vitamins, minerals, proteins, and carbohydrates
  • Each category plays a unique role, contributing to overall well-being

Vitamins

  • Organic compounds vital for metabolic processes
  • Classified into water-soluble (B-complex vitamins and vitamin C) and fat-soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K)
  • Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body
  • Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in fatty tissues and the liver

Minerals

  • Inorganic substances supporting physiological functions
  • Categorized as macrominerals (required in larger amounts, e.g., calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and phosphorus) and microminerals (required in smaller amounts, e.g., iron, zinc, copper, selenium, and iodine)
  • Essential for bone health, muscle function, fluid balance, enzyme function, and metabolic processes

Proteins

  • Composed of amino acids
  • Serve as building blocks for the body
  • Roles include structural support (muscles, skin, hair), enzymatic functions (catalyze biochemical reactions), transport (e.g., hemoglobin), and immune response (e.g., antibodies)

Carbohydrates

  • Primary source of energy for the body
  • Classified into simple (sugars that provide quick energy) and complex (whole grains, legumes, and vegetables that provide sustained energy)
  • Carbohydrates provide 4 kilocalories per gram

Metabolism

  • All chemical reactions in the body to convert food into energy
  • Two main categories: anabolism (constructive phase building larger molecules from smaller ones) and catabolism (destructive phase breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones to release energy)

Digestive System

  • Breaks down food into smaller nutrients that the body can absorb and utilization
  • Key processes include mechanical digestion (chewing, churning, mixing, and peristalsis) and chemical digestion (using enzymes)
  • Major organs involved include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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