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Questions and Answers
Which type of antibiotics kills the organisms?
Which type of antibiotics kills the organisms?
- Narrow spectrum
- Bactericidal (correct)
- Broad-spectrum
- Bacteriostatic
Which type of antibiotics temporarily inhibits the growth of an organism?
Which type of antibiotics temporarily inhibits the growth of an organism?
- Bacteriostatic (correct)
- Bactericidal
- Broad-spectrum
- Narrow spectrum
Which type of antibiotics have specific activity?
Which type of antibiotics have specific activity?
- Broad-spectrum
- Narrow spectrum (correct)
- Bacteriostatic
- Bactericidal
Which type of antibiotics have non specific activity?
Which type of antibiotics have non specific activity?
What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for an antibiotic?
What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for an antibiotic?
What can happen if antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity are used frequently?
What can happen if antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity are used frequently?
Why is it generally preferred to treat with a narrow spectrum drug when possible?
Why is it generally preferred to treat with a narrow spectrum drug when possible?
Which type of antibiotic directly interacts with the cell wall by preventing synthesis of the NAG/NAM polymers?
Which type of antibiotic directly interacts with the cell wall by preventing synthesis of the NAG/NAM polymers?
Which antibiotic targets the cell wall by inhibiting the transpeptidase, leading to osmotic burst and structural instability?
Which antibiotic targets the cell wall by inhibiting the transpeptidase, leading to osmotic burst and structural instability?
Which antibiotic group is known for its resistance due to a beta-lactamase enzyme that breaks the lactam ring?
Which antibiotic group is known for its resistance due to a beta-lactamase enzyme that breaks the lactam ring?
Which generation of cephalosporins is considered less effective against Gram-positive bacteria compared to the 1st generation?
Which generation of cephalosporins is considered less effective against Gram-positive bacteria compared to the 1st generation?
Which antibiotic group is a cyclic peptide that interferes with dephosphorylation of isoprenyl carriers for cell wall synthesis?
Which antibiotic group is a cyclic peptide that interferes with dephosphorylation of isoprenyl carriers for cell wall synthesis?
Which antibiotic binds to a highly conserved motif of lipid II and lipid III, precursors of peptidoglycan and cell wall teichoic acid, respectively?
Which antibiotic binds to a highly conserved motif of lipid II and lipid III, precursors of peptidoglycan and cell wall teichoic acid, respectively?
Which antibiotic is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines and is commonly used as an aftercare antibiotic on tattoos and circumcision?
Which antibiotic is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines and is commonly used as an aftercare antibiotic on tattoos and circumcision?
Which type of β-lactamases can hydrolyze third-generation cephalosporins but are inhibited by clavulanic acid?
Which type of β-lactamases can hydrolyze third-generation cephalosporins but are inhibited by clavulanic acid?
What is a concern in human medicine regarding the evolution of ESBLs?
What is a concern in human medicine regarding the evolution of ESBLs?
Which group of antibiotics binds to the 30S subunit and affects a number of steps in protein synthesis, leading to non-functional proteins?
Which group of antibiotics binds to the 30S subunit and affects a number of steps in protein synthesis, leading to non-functional proteins?
Which group of antibiotics can be absorbed orally but varies in group, and can cause gastrointestinal imbalances?
Which group of antibiotics can be absorbed orally but varies in group, and can cause gastrointestinal imbalances?
Which group of antibiotics binds to the 50S subunit and prevents linking of amino acids to growing peptides?
Which group of antibiotics binds to the 50S subunit and prevents linking of amino acids to growing peptides?
Which group of antibiotics blocks 50S activity and is active against Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic bacteria?
Which group of antibiotics blocks 50S activity and is active against Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic bacteria?
Which group of antibiotics work on DNA by being a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, leading to lack of DNA synthesis?
Which group of antibiotics work on DNA by being a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, leading to lack of DNA synthesis?
Which pathway can be impacted by Rifampicin, potentially affecting the elimination of other medications?
Which pathway can be impacted by Rifampicin, potentially affecting the elimination of other medications?
Why are cationic microbial peptides only tend to be used topically?
Why are cationic microbial peptides only tend to be used topically?
What is the impact of infection site on drug activity?
What is the impact of infection site on drug activity?
Which type of drug requires anaerobic growth for its effectiveness?
Which type of drug requires anaerobic growth for its effectiveness?
What is the impact of increasing the serum concentration above the MIC for time-dependent antibiotics?
What is the impact of increasing the serum concentration above the MIC for time-dependent antibiotics?
What type of drug activity requires high concentrations of drug binding site to be effective?
What type of drug activity requires high concentrations of drug binding site to be effective?
What is the risk of maintaining a high antibiotic concentration for a longer duration?
What is the risk of maintaining a high antibiotic concentration for a longer duration?
What is the mechanism of action of Rifampicin?
What is the mechanism of action of Rifampicin?
Why do cationic microbial peptides preferentially interact with bacterial membranes?
Why do cationic microbial peptides preferentially interact with bacterial membranes?
What is the target of action for antibiotics that target the cell wall?
What is the target of action for antibiotics that target the cell wall?
What is the mechanism of action for beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the mechanism of action for beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is the resistance mechanism for penicillin?
What is the resistance mechanism for penicillin?
What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics?
What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics?
What is the significance of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for antibiotics?
What is the significance of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for antibiotics?
Why is it generally preferred to treat with a narrow spectrum antibiotic when possible?
Why is it generally preferred to treat with a narrow spectrum antibiotic when possible?
What is the mechanism of action of β-lactamases?
What is the mechanism of action of β-lactamases?
What is the concern regarding the evolution of ESBLs in human medicine?
What is the concern regarding the evolution of ESBLs in human medicine?
Which group of antibiotics binds to the 50S subunit and prevents linking of amino acids to growing peptides?
Which group of antibiotics binds to the 50S subunit and prevents linking of amino acids to growing peptides?
Explain the impact of Rifampicin on the p450 degradative pathway in the liver and its potential effect on the elimination of other medications.
Explain the impact of Rifampicin on the p450 degradative pathway in the liver and its potential effect on the elimination of other medications.
What is the mechanism of action of cationic microbial peptides and why are they typically only used topically?
What is the mechanism of action of cationic microbial peptides and why are they typically only used topically?
How can the infection site alter the activity of antibiotics?
How can the infection site alter the activity of antibiotics?
Explain the concept of time-dependent activity in antibiotics.
Explain the concept of time-dependent activity in antibiotics.
What are the characteristics of concentration-dependent activity in antibiotics?
What are the characteristics of concentration-dependent activity in antibiotics?
What is the relationship between the duration of antibiotic presence and the risk of antibiotic resistance?
What is the relationship between the duration of antibiotic presence and the risk of antibiotic resistance?
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Study Notes
Antibiotics Classification and Mechanism
- Bactericidal antibiotics kill organisms
- Bacteriostatic antibiotics temporarily inhibit the growth of an organism
- Narrow-spectrum antibiotics have specific activity
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics have non-specific activity
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
- MIC is the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits the visible growth of a microorganism
- MIC is used to determine the effectiveness of an antibiotic against a particular microorganism
Antibiotic Resistance and Spectrum
- Frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance
- Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are generally preferred to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics can alter the gut microbiome, leading to unforeseen consequences
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
- Beta-lactam antibiotics directly interact with the cell wall by preventing synthesis of the NAG/NAM polymers
- Penicillin targets the cell wall by inhibiting the transpeptidase, leading to osmotic burst and structural instability
- Cephalosporins are a type of beta-lactam antibiotic
- Third-generation cephalosporins are effective against Gram-negative bacteria
- Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are a type of beta-lactamase that can hydrolyze third-generation cephalosporins
- ESBLs are inhibited by clavulanic acid
- The evolution of ESBLs is a concern in human medicine
Other Antibiotics
- Glycopeptides bind to a highly conserved motif of lipid II and lipid III, precursors of peptidoglycan and cell wall teichoic acid, respectively
- Bacitracin is a cyclic peptide that interferes with dephosphorylation of isoprenyl carriers for cell wall synthesis
- Mupirocin is an antibiotic that is commonly used as an aftercare antibiotic on tattoos and circumcision
- Aminoglycosides bind to the 30S subunit and affect a number of steps in protein synthesis, leading to non-functional proteins
- Macrolides bind to the 50S subunit and prevent linking of amino acids to growing peptides
- Lincosamides block 50S activity and are active against Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic bacteria
- Folate inhibitors work on DNA by being a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, leading to a lack of DNA synthesis
- Rifampicin targets DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibiting RNA synthesis
Antibiotic Pharmacology
- Antibiotic activity can be affected by the site of infection
- Metronidazole requires anaerobic growth for its effectiveness
- Increasing the serum concentration above the MIC for time-dependent antibiotics does not increase their effectiveness
- Concentration-dependent antibiotics require high concentrations of drug binding site to be effective
- Maintaining a high antibiotic concentration for a longer duration can increase the risk of antibiotic resistance
- Cationic microbial peptides preferentially interact with bacterial membranes due to their positive charge
- Rifampicin can induce the cytochrome P450 system, potentially affecting the elimination of other medications
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