Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which gene is commonly associated with high resistance to vancomycin?
Which gene is commonly associated with high resistance to vancomycin?
- VanA (correct)
- VanC
- VanX
- VanB
What type of bacteria is identified as aerobic among the common isolates?
What type of bacteria is identified as aerobic among the common isolates?
- G.haemolysans (correct)
- G.morbillorum
- Lactococcus
- VanC
What is the result of placing streptococci into a dilute acid solution and heating for 10 minutes?
What is the result of placing streptococci into a dilute acid solution and heating for 10 minutes?
- Improved antibiotic susceptibility
- Enhanced growth
- Change in Gram staining results (correct)
- Increased virulence
Which biochemical test is positive for the common isolates mentioned?
Which biochemical test is positive for the common isolates mentioned?
What is the typical appearance of bacteria that decolorize easily during Gram staining?
What is the typical appearance of bacteria that decolorize easily during Gram staining?
Which treatment is considered the drug of choice for Luke’s condition?
Which treatment is considered the drug of choice for Luke’s condition?
What is the purpose of intrapartum prophylaxis during treatment?
What is the purpose of intrapartum prophylaxis during treatment?
In life-threatening cases, which treatment is recommended alongside Penicillin?
In life-threatening cases, which treatment is recommended alongside Penicillin?
Which antibiotic is NOT mentioned as part of the treatment options for Luke's condition?
Which antibiotic is NOT mentioned as part of the treatment options for Luke's condition?
What condition can prophylactic treatment prevent, but not glomerulonephritis?
What condition can prophylactic treatment prevent, but not glomerulonephritis?
What type of antigen is possessed by pregnant women that indicates the presence of Group B Streptococci?
What type of antigen is possessed by pregnant women that indicates the presence of Group B Streptococci?
Which method is used to collect samples from pregnant women to check for GBS?
Which method is used to collect samples from pregnant women to check for GBS?
What do the three major serotypes of Group B Streptococci include?
What do the three major serotypes of Group B Streptococci include?
What is the effect of the capsular polysaccharide from Group B Streptococci on the immune system?
What is the effect of the capsular polysaccharide from Group B Streptococci on the immune system?
Which medium is used for inoculating GBS samples for incubation?
Which medium is used for inoculating GBS samples for incubation?
What antibiotics are present in Lim Broth used for GBS culture?
What antibiotics are present in Lim Broth used for GBS culture?
Why is the presence of sialic acid significant in Group B Streptococci serotypes?
Why is the presence of sialic acid significant in Group B Streptococci serotypes?
What is the purpose of TransVag Broth with Gentamicin and Nalidixic acid?
What is the purpose of TransVag Broth with Gentamicin and Nalidixic acid?
What is the primary pathogenic staphylococcus associated with human infections?
What is the primary pathogenic staphylococcus associated with human infections?
Which test is used to detect acetoin production from glucose?
Which test is used to detect acetoin production from glucose?
What type of bacteria is categorized as coagulase negative?
What type of bacteria is categorized as coagulase negative?
Which characteristic is true about staphylococci?
Which characteristic is true about staphylococci?
What is a significant factor that leads coagulase negative staphylococci to cause infections?
What is a significant factor that leads coagulase negative staphylococci to cause infections?
Which of the following is a common infection associated with Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Which of the following is a common infection associated with Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
What distinguishes staphylococci from streptococci in terms of their arrangement?
What distinguishes staphylococci from streptococci in terms of their arrangement?
A major extracellular factor produced by staphylococci is which of the following?
A major extracellular factor produced by staphylococci is which of the following?
What is the purpose of the Rapid CAMP test?
What is the purpose of the Rapid CAMP test?
What does a positive result in the Hippurate Hydrolysis Test indicate?
What does a positive result in the Hippurate Hydrolysis Test indicate?
Which of the following tests can differentiate Group B streptococci from other β-hemolytic streptococci?
Which of the following tests can differentiate Group B streptococci from other β-hemolytic streptococci?
What is the primary drug of choice for susceptibility testing of streptococci?
What is the primary drug of choice for susceptibility testing of streptococci?
What does the L-Pyrrolidonyl-a-Naphthylamide Hydrolysis (PYR) test identify?
What does the L-Pyrrolidonyl-a-Naphthylamide Hydrolysis (PYR) test identify?
Which method uses bile salts for cell wall lysis in S. pneumoniae identification?
Which method uses bile salts for cell wall lysis in S. pneumoniae identification?
What does a red result after adding DMACA reagent in the LAP test indicate?
What does a red result after adding DMACA reagent in the LAP test indicate?
What is the expected outcome of using B-lysin on Group B streptococci?
What is the expected outcome of using B-lysin on Group B streptococci?
Which of the following describes the primary limitation of nucleic acid probes?
Which of the following describes the primary limitation of nucleic acid probes?
What is indicated by the presence of multi-drug resistant strains in streptococci?
What is indicated by the presence of multi-drug resistant strains in streptococci?
What does the detection of the autocatalytic enzyme amidase signify in the context of S. pneumoniae?
What does the detection of the autocatalytic enzyme amidase signify in the context of S. pneumoniae?
What enhances the specificity of real-time PCR compared to traditional methods?
What enhances the specificity of real-time PCR compared to traditional methods?
Which of the following immunoassays is commonly used for agglutination testing?
Which of the following immunoassays is commonly used for agglutination testing?
In the context of identifying Streptococcus pyogenes, how is the PYR test utilized?
In the context of identifying Streptococcus pyogenes, how is the PYR test utilized?
What does a 16mm diameter with a 10-mm disk indicate in a susceptibility test using B-lysin?
What does a 16mm diameter with a 10-mm disk indicate in a susceptibility test using B-lysin?
Study Notes
Treatment for Group B Strep
- Dean Version: Ampicillin, with or without an aminoglycoside.
- ANGELO Version:
- Penicillin and Ampicillin (most strains sensitive to these drugs)
- Penicillin + Ampicillin with Aminoglycosides (used in life-threatening cases or pregnant carriers)
- Intrapartum prophylaxis and selective antibiotic administration to infants (reduces risk of sepsis in newborns by 90%)
- Ceftriaxone or Cefotaxime
Group B Strep (GBS) Antigen Structure
- Possess the Group B specific antigen.
- Acid-stable polysaccharide found in the cell wall.
- Also known as Group B Streptococci.
- Nine recognized capsular polysaccharide serotypes.
- Three major serotypes: IA, IB, II.
- Contain a terminal residue of sialic acid.
- Weakly immunogenic and can inhibit activation of the alternative complement pathway.
GBS Specimen Collection and Handling
- Pregnant Women:
- Collect vaginal and rectal swab material between weeks 35-37 of gestation to check for GBS presence.
- Inoculate the swab into a suitable medium and incubate for 18-24 hours.
- Culture in:
- Todd Hewitt Broth with antimicrobials (Lim Broth): contains 10 ug/mL of Colistin and 15 ug/mL Nalidixic acid
- TransVag Broth with 8 ug/mL Gentamicin and 15 ug/mL Nalidixic acid
GBS Culture Media
- Strep B Carrot Broth: enrichment chromogenic medium for isolating GBS.
- Vancomycin-containing agar and chromogenic VRE media: used for screening for vancomycin resistance.
- PCR-based assays: can be used for identification of GBS.
Vancomycin Resistance
- Eight phenotypes of vancomycin resistance have been identified.
- VanA and VanB are the most commonly encountered.
- VanA is highly resistant to vancomycin and is located in plasmids and transposons.
Large Colony Isolates
- S.dysgalactiae, subsp.sanguinis
- Common Isolates: G.haemolysans (Aerobic) and G.morbillorum (Anaerobic)
Staphylococcus
- Gram-positive, catalase positive.
- Spherical, non-motile, bacteria that form in grape-like clusters (streptococci form in chains).
- No capsule, non-spore former.
- Belong to the Staphylococcaceae family.
- Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.
Coagulase Positive Staphylococci
- S.aureus – major human pathogen.
- S.delphini, S.intermedius, S.hyicus, S.shleiferi – found in animals.
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CONS)
- S.epidermidis – cause of hospital-acquired infections.
- S.saphrophyticus – causes urinary tract infections in sexually active young females.
Extracellular Factors (Cytolytic Toxins)
- Cytolysin or Hemolysin: cytotoxic toxins including hemolysins, leukocidins, exfoliatins, and enterotoxins.
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Description
This quiz covers the treatment protocols for Group B Streptococcus, focusing on the use of antibiotics such as Ampicillin and Penicillin. Additionally, it explores the antigen structure of GBS and best practices for specimen collection in pregnant women to prevent sepsis in newborns. Test your knowledge on these critical aspects of maternal and infant healthcare.
