Erythropoiesis and Coagulation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis? (Select all that apply)

  • Increased tissue demand for oxygen (correct)
  • Moving to a lower altitude
  • Decreased tissue demand for oxygen
  • An increased # of RBCs

    • All of the following conditions impair coagulation except ________.

    hypoglycemia

    Which of these is not a normal plasma protein?

  • Gamma globulin
  • Albumin
  • Thromboplastin (correct)
  • Fibrinogen

    • Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?

    <p>All nucleated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of RBCs?

    <p>Lack a nucleus (anucleated)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis occur?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Order the stages of erythropoiesis.

    <p>1 → 4 → 2 → 3 → 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from a decrease in normal blood oxygen level to trigger EPO formation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when kidney cells become hypoxic?

    <p>Enzymes lack oxygen, so they can't carry out their function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people use blood doping?

    <p>Increase oxygen level from 45% → 65%. This can cause clotting or stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does testosterone relate to red cell production?

    <p>It enhances the kidney's production of erythropoietin (EPO).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are red blood cells destroyed?

    <p>Macrophages → globin to produce amino acids and heme → iron → bilirubin (bile pigment) → stercobilin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of anemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does thalassemia and sickle cell have a genetic basis?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between sickle cell anemia and sickle cell trait?

    <p>Anemia - 2 copies of the gene; Trait - 1 copy of the gene with a better chance of surviving malaria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of WBC?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An individual who is blood type AB negative can

    <p>Receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is it called when white blood vessels are able to leave the capillaries due to inflammation?

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 categories that leukocytes are grouped into?

    <p>Granulocytes - granules; Agranulocytes - lack granules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte is the most abundant and increases during bacterial infection like meningitis?

    <p>Neutrophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte plays an important role that leads to a counterattack against parasitic worms that are too large to ingest?

    <p>Eosinophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte is rare and contains a histamine granule?

    <p>Basophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agranulocyte plays a crucial role in immunity - T cells and B cells?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agranulocyte plays a crucial role in phagocytosis like tuberculosis?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of leukemia?

    <p>White blood cells usually fight infections, but in people with leukemia, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells, which don't function properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a Rh- person receives Rh+ blood?

    <p>Immune system reacts to it as a foreign protein (an invader). This causes a dangerous immune reaction. Body begins to produce anti-Rh antibodies against foreign antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormonal stimulus that prompts red blood cell formation is

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are true of RBCs except

    <p>Contain nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory pigment of RBCs called?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the molecular composition of hemoglobin?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of RBCs?

    <p>Transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis occur?

    <p>Red Bone Marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the destruction of RBCs occur?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is a low concentration of hemoglobin?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are platelets formed?

    <p>Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are fragments of large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical consequences of the condition known as thrombocytopenia?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia is a clinical condition in which the blood platelet count of an individual is lower than normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the blood coagulation (clotting) process be described?

    <p>In the plasma, thromboplastinogen transforms into thromboplastin, a reaction triggered by tissue and platelet factors released after injury to a blood vessel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 main steps to hemostasis?

    <ol> <li>Vascular Spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are most of the clotting factors produced?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary in order for clotting factors to be activated and for the proper function of coagulation?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is factor VIII? What is the genetic disease in which this factor is absent?

    <p>Factor VIII has the function of activating factor X, which is necessary for the transformation of prothrombin into thrombin during the clotting cascade. Hemophilia A is the X-linked genetic disease in which the individual does not produce factor VIII.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the practical applications of anticoagulants, such as heparin, in medicine?

    <p>Anticoagulants such as heparin are used in surgeries in which tissue injuries could trigger undesirable systemic blood clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What name is given to the immature cell type released to the circulation?

    <p>Reticulocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three major steps of coagulation include

    <p>The formation of prothrombin activator by a cascade of activated procoagulants, the use of prothrombin activator to release thrombin, and the use of thrombin to cause fibrinogen to form fibrin strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Erythropoiesis

    • Triggered by increased tissue demand for oxygen.
    • Decreased blood oxygen levels can result from hemorrhage, iron deficiency, or high altitudes.

    Coagulation

    • Conditions impairing coagulation include factor 8 deficiency, vitamin K deficiency, and liver disease; hypoglycemia does not impair coagulation.
    • Clotting factors are primarily produced in the liver.
    • Vitamin K is essential for activating clotting factors.

    Blood Cells

    • Leukocytes are characterized by being all nucleated and have various roles including immunity.
    • Red blood cells (RBCs) are anucleated and primarily responsible for oxygen transport.
    • Hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow.
    • Types of anemia include iron deficiency, pernicious, renal, and aplastic.

    White Blood Cells

    • Leukocytes are divided into granulocytes (with granules) and agranulocytes (without granules).
    • Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte and increase in bacterial infections.
    • Eosinophils are involved in combating parasitic infections and allergies.
    • Monocytes play a role in phagocytosis, especially in infections like tuberculosis.

    Thrombocytes (Platelets)

    • Formed from megakaryocytes and are crucial for blood clotting.
    • Thrombocytopenia, a low platelet count, increases susceptibility to hemorrhage.

    Blood Type and Compatibility

    • An individual with blood type AB negative can receive any blood type except Rh+.
    • The process of diapedesis allows white blood cells to exit capillaries during inflammation.

    Hemostasis

    • Involves three main steps: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
    • Fibrin is formed from fibrinogen during coagulation, creating a mesh that traps blood cells and platelets, leading to a clot.

    Genetic Factors in Blood Disorders

    • Thalassemia and sickle cell disease both have a genetic basis.
    • Sickle cell anemia results in two copies of the gene, while sickle cell trait results from one copy, providing some malaria resistance.

    Blood Doping and Testosterone

    • Blood doping can increase blood oxygen levels significantly but poses risks of clotting and stroke.
    • Testosterone enhances erythropoietin (EPO) production, stimulating red blood cell formation.

    Reflections on Blood Composition

    • Hemoglobin, the respiratory pigment of RBCs, consists of four polypeptide chains and is essential for oxygen transport.
    • Anemia can result from low hemoglobin levels, indicating insufficient oxygen transport capacity.

    Anticoagulants in Medicine

    • Anticoagulants like heparin prevent unwanted clotting during surgeries and in patients at risk of thrombosis.

    Common Pathologies

    • Leukemia is characterized by abnormal white blood cell production leading to ineffective immune responses.
    • The presence of factor VIII is crucial for clotting, and its absence leads to Hemophilia A, a genetic condition.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on erythropoiesis and coagulation mechanisms. This quiz covers blood cell types, their functionalities, and conditions that affect blood production and clotting. Perfect for those studying hematology or related fields.

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