Error Correction and Verbal Behavior in ASD
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Questions and Answers

What is the probability of achieving three consecutive correct responses by chance in a two-choice response array?

  • 0.500
  • 0.250
  • 0.037
  • 0.125 (correct)

What design was employed to evaluate the treatment package?

  • Changing criterion design
  • Multiple baseline design across participants (correct)
  • Reversal design
  • Alternating treatment design

What was the average interobserver agreement during the sessions?

  • 85%
  • 90%
  • 95%
  • 100% (correct)

What challenging behavior did the participant Don exhibit?

<p>Stereotypy, noncompliance, and aggression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Don's average correct response rate after being exposed to 13 sessions of error correction combined with other procedures?

<p>72% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of verbal behavior did Don primarily exhibit?

<p>Single-word tacts and mands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of strategies had been implemented to decrease Don's persistent errors without success?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, what is a potential reason why some children with ASD display persistent errors in learning tasks?

<p>The behavior–consequence relations are not easily distinguishable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study, which of the following methods was used to enhance the discriminability of behavior-consequence relations for children with ASD?

<p>Using schedule manipulations combined with a unique visual display. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What research design was employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the intervention in increasing correct responding?

<p>A multiple baseline design across participants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome when the differential reinforcement baseline was reintroduced after the intervention?

<p>Correct responding persisted to varying degrees across participants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept aligns with the study's aim to make behavior-consequence relationships more noticeable?

<p>Saliency of contingencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of schedule is related to the concept of establishing a single operant contingency, even when other reinforcers are present?

<p>Concurrent schedule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the study's methodology, which of the following would be a valid next step in researching interventions for persistent errors in children with ASD?

<p>Comparing the effectiveness of different visual display designs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the application of the study’s findings in a practical setting?

<p>A parent uses a colorful chart to clearly show the consequences of completing chores. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the baseline maintenance phase in the study?

<p>To determine if correct responding would be maintained after the treatment was withdrawn. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criterion was used to score a correct response for Zane?

<p>Saying three correct exemplars of the requested category within 5 seconds of the presentation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the researchers account for potential day-to-day variations in participants' preferences for snack items?

<p>By conducting a brief preference assessment each day to select the reinforcer for that day’s sessions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constituted a correct response for Bard in the study?

<p>Stating three or more unique elements from the category. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What experimental design element was used to confirm the effect of the treatment package on correct responding?

<p>The reintroduction of the treatment package after a clear decrease in correct responding during baseline maintenance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the duration within which Don had to respond to be scored as correct?

<p>5 seconds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study, how were the target words presented to Zane and Bard during each session?

<p>In a quasirandom fashion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many times was the treatment package reintroduced with Bard?

<p>Twice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Don's treatment, what was the consequence of making an error?

<p>The accumulated snack items were removed from the containers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the average percentage of correct responses during the initial baseline for Bard?

<p>56.7% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the range of correct responding during Bard's treatment phase?

<p>58.3% to 91.7% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of errors did Bard predominantly make during the initial differential reinforcement baseline?

<p>Errors of commission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the treatment was withdrawn for the second time, what trend was observed in Bard's correct responding?

<p>A gradual decreasing trend with variability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the trend in Don's correct responding during the last six data points of the treatment phase?

<p>Stabilized at relatively high levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the average percentage of correct responses for Bard during the final four sessions after the treatment was withdrawn a second time?

<p>80% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the reinforcer accumulation order change after Don's first 10 treatment sessions?

<p>It changed to a left-to-right sequence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Davison and Nevin's model, what is the fundamental unit of analysis for discriminated operant behavior?

<p>Concurrent discriminated operant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the study, what does 'saliency' refer to regarding concurrent schedules?

<p>The clarity or discriminability of the behavior-consequence relations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential benefit did the study suggest regarding increasing the saliency of behavior-consequence relations for individuals with persistent errors?

<p>It improves their ability to discriminate concurrent schedules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'differential outcomes procedure' designed to improve?

<p>Discrimination speed and accuracy by linking each stimulus-response to a unique reinforcer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy did Litt and Schreibman (1981) employ to help children with ASD learn a receptive identification task?

<p>Pairing each sample-comparison with a distinct reinforcer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of using a 'conservative dual-criteria method of visual inspection' in the study?

<p>To determine if the change in correct responding from baseline to treatment was significant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the concurrent schedules effective in the study?

<p>The consideration of both antecedent–behavior and behavior–consequence relations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What other strategies besides prompting, differential reinforcement, and error correction strategies can be employed?

<p>Differential outcomes procedure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the differential outcomes procedure according to the text?

<p>The number of conditional discriminations is limited by the availability of distinct reinforcers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study described, how did the maintenance of correct responding vary among the participants (Zane, Bard, and Don) after the treatment was withdrawn?

<p>Zane maintained high levels after one exposure, Bard after two, and Don's gradually decreased. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study suggests the need for further research to determine the cause of persistent discrimination errors. Which of the following potential causes is NOT mentioned?

<p>Inconsistent application of the differential reinforcement baseline. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neef, Bicard, and Endo (2001) developed a computer-based assessment to evaluate the impact of various reinforcement and response parameters on choice responses. Which factor below was NOT evaluated?

<p>Reinforcer cost (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What possible effect related to the visibility of reinforcers is suggested as potentially contributing to the intervention's effectiveness?

<p>A conditioned reinforcement effect due to the placement of snack items in containers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study successfully applied the discriminability intervention with varying numbers of sample-comparison stimuli. Rank the participants from least to most stimuli used.

<p>Bard, Zane, Don (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a challenge of the differential outcomes procedure, addressed by the current study’s intervention?

<p>The limited ability to train multiple discriminations simultaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement schedule was used in conjunction with placing snack items in containers?

<p>Second-Order Schedule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Inadvertent Correct Responses

Errors mixed with occasional correct responses (e.g., from guessing).

Stimulus cards

Stimuli are physical items used within a learning activity.

Massed Trials

Presenting the same task to someone multiple times in a row.

Interobserver Agreement

The extent to which different observers agree on recorded data.

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Multiple Baseline Design

A research approach that introduces an intervention at different times across individuals.

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Tact

Single word used to label objects or actions.

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Mand

Single word to express a need.

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Stereotypy

Repetitive or ritualistic behaviors.

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Persistent Errors in ASD

ASD displays persistent errors unresponsive to standard methods.

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Saliency of Behavior-Consequence Relations

Making the differences between outcomes for correct and incorrect responses more noticeable.

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Discriminated Operant

Operant behavior that occurs in the presence of specific stimuli, indicating when reinforcement is available.

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Conditional Discrimination

A type of learning involving choices based on specific conditions or cues.

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Discrete-Trial Training

Teaching method using structured, one-on-one sessions with clear beginning and end.

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Response Cost

A penalty for incorrect responses.

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Schedule Discrimination

Learning to tell the difference between different schedules of reinforcement.

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Paper-and-pencil data

Data collection method using paper to record correct and incorrect responses.

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Correct Response (Exemplars)

A correct response involves stating three correct examples of a category within 5 seconds of a prompt.

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Baseline Maintenance (Reversal)

Repeating baseline conditions after treatment to see if behavior changes revert.

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Paired-Choice Preference Assessment

Assessing preferences by offering choices between pairs of items.

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High-Preference Snack Items

Snacks or items used to reward and reinforce correct responses.

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Daily Preference Assessment

Assessing daily changes in item preference to ensure reinforcement effectiveness.

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Baseline

The initial phase of an experiment, prior to any intervention, to measure the pre-existing level of behavior.

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Correct Response (Matching)

Pointing to or touching the correct matching stimulus within 5 seconds of the initial stimulus.

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Figure 1 Description

The percentage of trials with correct responses during baseline (DSRBL), treatment, and DSRBL maintenance phases.

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Don's Reinforcer Order

For Don, the order of reinforcer accumulation progressed from nearest to furthest container, then left to right.

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Error Contingency

Contingent on an error, the therapist emptied any accumulated snack items from the clear containers.

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Bard's Initial Baseline

Bard displayed moderate levels of correct responding during the initial differential reinforcement baseline.

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Bard's Treatment Response

During treatment, Bard's correct responding increased.

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Bard's Error Type

92% of Bard's errors were errors of commission.

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Treatment Withdrawal Effect

When treatment was withdrawn for the second time, correct responding remained higher than the original baseline but became more variable.

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Final Data Point Trend

Correct responding stabilized at relatively high levels for the last six data points.

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Conservative Dual-Criteria Method

A method using strict criteria to determine if a change in behavior is significant from baseline to treatment.

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Davison and Nevin's Model

A model that uses concurrent discriminated operants as the basic unit and focuses on how well antecedent-behavior and behavior-consequence relationships can be told apart.

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Saliency (Discriminability)

The degree to which different stimuli or consequences can be easily distinguished from one another; makes the relationships more noticeable.

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Conditional Discrimination Tasks

Conditional discriminations require selecting the correct choice based on the specific antecedent stimulus presented.

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Saliency-Increasing Intervention

An intervention focused on making the connection between behavior and its outcome more obvious; clear contrasts between correct and incorrect responses.

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Differential Outcomes Procedure

Pairing each specific stimulus-response with a unique reinforcer to make the relationships crystal clear.

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Receptive Identification Task

Teaching procedure that allows a choice between two items and is reinforced when response matches the sample presented.

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Discriminability Intervention

An intervention that improved discrimination skills in participants with developmental disabilities by addressing antecedent-behavior relations.

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Reinforcement Parameter Assessment

Evaluating how reinforcement rate, immediacy, quality, and response effort affect choices.

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Reinforcement Effects

Reinforcement (like a cookie) increases correct responses.

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Differential Outcomes Procedure Limitation

Only a limited number of discriminations can be trained at once due to the need for distinct reinforcers.

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Maintenance of Treatment Effects

The degree to which a treatment's effects persist after the treatment is removed.

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Conditioned Reinforcement Effect

Snack items in containers may have become reinforcing through association.

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Discrimination Error Causes

Errors may stem from difficulty distinguishing antecedents or associating behaviors with consequences.

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Study Notes

  • This study focuses on increasing the saliency of behavior-consequence relations for children with autism who exhibit persistent errors.
  • The study aims to improve the discriminability of behavior-consequence relations in ASD children using schedule manipulations and a visual display.
  • A multiple baseline design across participants was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the intervention.
  • The study found an increase in correct responding for all participants, and the differential reinforcement baseline was reintroduced to assess maintenance.
  • Increasing the saliency of behavior-consequence relations helps increase correct responding among children with ASD who exhibit persistent errors.

Key Concepts

  • The central goal of behavior-acquisition programs is to establish one or more discriminated operants.
  • The discriminated operant has traditionally been considered the fundamental analytic unit for the scientific study of behavior.
  • A typical discrete-trial training arrangement teaches conditional responding using a conditional discriminative stimulus (SD) and two or more response options correlated with different schedules.
  • Some argue that responses that do not produce reinforcement as errors is a misnomer, as the trainer is responsible for instances of misarranged stimulus control.
  • Errors can result from confusability at any point in the three-term contingency, including similar SDs, responses, or reinforcement schedules.

Interventions and Strategies

  • Acquisition training procedures focus on reducing confusability among antecedents, behaviors, or antecedent-behavior relations through prompts.
  • A controlling prompt is an antecedent stimulus that reliably occasions the correct response.
  • Davison and Nevin suggest considering the discriminability of antecedent-behavior relations and behavior-consequence relations to modify discriminated operant responding.
  • Error correction aims to reduce errors resulting from side biases or quasirandom guessing during discrete-trial training.
  • An alternative approach is to alter the training arrangement to increase the saliency and discriminability of behavior-consequence relations.

Methodology of the Study

  • The study aims to increase the discriminability of the behavior-reinforcer relations in conditional discrimination acquisition tasks for participants with ASD by using:
    • An edible reinforcer in one of three clear containers contingent on each correct response.
    • Delivering the reinforcers on a second-order FR 3 FR 1 schedule.
    • Removing all accumulated reinforcers from the clear containers as a response-cost contingency for errors.
  • The combination of the second-order schedule and response cost reduce the probability that a response pattern that includes errors will be followed by reinforcement.
  • Three boys diagnosed with ASD participated in the investigation.
  • Sessions were conducted in small treatment rooms or cubicles.
  • Paper-and-pencil data were collected on participants' correct and incorrect responses.
  • Correct response definitions were established for each participant's specific task.
  • Interobserver agreement for correct and incorrect responses was collected, averaging 100% for all subjects.
  • The treatment package involved using a multiple baseline design across participants.

Study Procedure

  • Preference assessments were conducted to identify high-preference snack items for use as reinforcers.
  • New baselines were initiated using differential reinforcement of correct responses.
  • Participants were given 5 s to respond, and the therapist delivered praise and the high-preference snack item contingent on each correct response (FR 1 schedule).
  • During treatment, trials were conducted similarly to baseline, with modifications including the use of clear containers for reinforcer accumulation.
  • Each participant was given 5 s to respond, and the therapist delivered reinforcers according to a second-order FR 3 FR 1 schedule.
  • Contingent on an error, the therapist emptied any accumulated snack items from the clear containers.

Results

  • Zane displayed moderate levels of correct responding during the initial differential reinforcement baseline.
  • Bard displayed moderate levels of correct responding during the initial differential reinforcement baseline, with errors primarily of commission.
  • Don displayed moderate levels of correct responding during the initial differential reinforcement baseline, with errors primarily of commission.
  • The intervention initially decreased the rate and amount of reinforcement delivered for correct responses (due to the response-cost contingency).
  • Statistical analysis using Hedge's G statistic showed levels of correct responding were significantly higher than during baseline.

Discussion

  • The treatment effects were maintained to varying degrees when the treatment was withdrawn and the differential reinforcement baseline was reintroduced to evaluate maintenance of the treatment effects.
  • One procedure to increase discrimination involves correlating each stimulus-response sequence with a unique reinforcer.
  • The treatment package consisted of multiple components, and their independent effects were not isolated and evaluated.

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Related Documents

Reducing Persistent Discrimination Errors - Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis - PDF

Description

This study examines error correction strategies for children with ASD. It analyzes probability of correct answers, challenging behaviors, and verbal responses. The research also explores methods to enhance discriminability and increase correct responding.

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