Podcast
Questions and Answers
At what age do children typically develop a clear attachment to at least one caregiver?
At what age do children typically develop a clear attachment to at least one caregiver?
Which parenting style is characterized by high nurturance and low maturity demands?
Which parenting style is characterized by high nurturance and low maturity demands?
What stage in Erikson’s development theory corresponds with a toddler's new mobility and desire for autonomy?
What stage in Erikson’s development theory corresponds with a toddler's new mobility and desire for autonomy?
How do children typically behave at age 4 in terms of attachment?
How do children typically behave at age 4 in terms of attachment?
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Which statement is true regarding social-cognitive theorists' view on early development?
Which statement is true regarding social-cognitive theorists' view on early development?
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Which issue is more prevalent among children from lone parent families?
Which issue is more prevalent among children from lone parent families?
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What kind of play involves children engaged in solitary play or observing others?
What kind of play involves children engaged in solitary play or observing others?
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What is a common behavior observed in children of divorced parents?
What is a common behavior observed in children of divorced parents?
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What type of play involves children playing alongside each other but not directly interacting?
What type of play involves children playing alongside each other but not directly interacting?
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At what age does prosocial behavior typically start to emerge in children?
At what age does prosocial behavior typically start to emerge in children?
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Which theory suggests that gender role behavior is shaped by parental reinforcement?
Which theory suggests that gender role behavior is shaped by parental reinforcement?
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What change in preschool children’s self-awareness focuses on their visible characteristics rather than inner qualities?
What change in preschool children’s self-awareness focuses on their visible characteristics rather than inner qualities?
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What is the key factor influencing aggressive behavior in preschool children?
What is the key factor influencing aggressive behavior in preschool children?
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What is the first stage in Kohlberg's stage theory of gender development?
What is the first stage in Kohlberg's stage theory of gender development?
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Which of the following describes children engaging in spontaneous social interactions while pursuing their own activities?
Which of the following describes children engaging in spontaneous social interactions while pursuing their own activities?
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At what age does preschool sex-type behavior typically develop?
At what age does preschool sex-type behavior typically develop?
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Study Notes
Erikson’s Personality Stages
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt: This stage occurs in toddlers, where newfound mobility fosters a strong desire for independence.
- Initiative vs. Guilt: During preschool years, children develop cognitive skills that enhance their planning abilities, driving their initiative.
Social-Cognitive Theory and Young Children's Understanding
- Social-Cognitive Theory: Emphasizes the link between social and personality development with advancements in cognitive skills.
Changes in Attachment Throughout Childhood
- By 12 months: Children typically form a clear attachment to at least one caregiver.
- Ages 2-3: Attachment behaviors may become less visible.
- Age 3: Children can wander from their caregiver without experiencing distress.
- Age 4: Relationships shift to goal-corrected partnerships, where children modify their behavior based on others' goals.
Parenting Styles
- Permissive: High nurturance but low demands for control and maturity.
- Authoritarian: High control and maturity expectations, with low nurturance and communication.
- Authoritative: Balanced, high in nurturance, clarity, consistency, communication, and maturity demands.
- Uninvolved: Low across all dimensions of nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication.
Impact of Family Structure on Children
- Lone Parent Risks: Increased likelihood of emotional disorders, conduct issues, hyperactivity, repeating grades, and relationship problems.
- Effects of Divorce: Potential decline in academic performance alongside aggressive, defiant, or depressed behaviors.
- Step-Parent Families: Higher rates of delinquency and behavior problems at school, along with lower academic achievement.
Stages of Play
- Solitary & Onlooker Play: Begins around 6 months, involving solitary play or observing peers.
- Parallel Play: Occurs between 14-18 months, where children play side by side but not necessarily together.
- Associative Play: Starts around 18 months; children engage in individual activities but have brief social interactions.
- Cooperative Play: Arises at ages 3-4, where children collaborate to achieve common goals.
Preschool Children's Aggressive Behavior
- Aggression is a learned behavior, reinforced through modeling, and may have an epigenetic component.
Prosocial Behavior
- Defined as actions intended to assist others, typically emerging around ages 2-3.
- Parents can cultivate prosocial behavior by reinforcing positive actions and discussing emotions.
Changes During Preschool Years
- Categorical Self: Children start to identify based on visible traits (e.g., boy or girl) rather than internal qualities.
- Emotional Self: Development of emotional regulation skills.
- Social Self: Awareness of their own role in social dynamics.
Gender Development Theories
- Social Cognitive Explanation: Asserts that parents influence sex-role behavior through reinforcement.
- Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Gender Development includes:
- Gender Identity
- Gender Stability
- Cognitive Developmental Explanation: Children use an organizing principle to learn about gender and align their behavior with cultural norms.
- Gender Schema Theory: Highlights the use of gender schemas for processing gender-related information.
Preschool Acquisition of Gender Roles
- Cultural context significantly impacts the understanding of gender roles.
- Preference for gender-specific toys typically develops between ages 18 and 24 months.
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Description
Explore Erikson’s stages of personality development, focusing on the early years of a child’s life. This quiz covers crucial concepts such as autonomy versus shame and doubt, as well as initiative versus guilt. Understand how these stages impact a child's social-cognitive development.
