Questions and Answers
At what age do children typically develop a clear attachment to at least one caregiver?
Which parenting style is characterized by high nurturance and low maturity demands?
What stage in Erikson’s development theory corresponds with a toddler's new mobility and desire for autonomy?
How do children typically behave at age 4 in terms of attachment?
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Which statement is true regarding social-cognitive theorists' view on early development?
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Which issue is more prevalent among children from lone parent families?
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What kind of play involves children engaged in solitary play or observing others?
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What is a common behavior observed in children of divorced parents?
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What type of play involves children playing alongside each other but not directly interacting?
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At what age does prosocial behavior typically start to emerge in children?
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Which theory suggests that gender role behavior is shaped by parental reinforcement?
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What change in preschool children’s self-awareness focuses on their visible characteristics rather than inner qualities?
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What is the key factor influencing aggressive behavior in preschool children?
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What is the first stage in Kohlberg's stage theory of gender development?
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Which of the following describes children engaging in spontaneous social interactions while pursuing their own activities?
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At what age does preschool sex-type behavior typically develop?
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Study Notes
Erikson’s Personality Stages
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt: This stage occurs in toddlers, where newfound mobility fosters a strong desire for independence.
- Initiative vs. Guilt: During preschool years, children develop cognitive skills that enhance their planning abilities, driving their initiative.
Social-Cognitive Theory and Young Children's Understanding
- Social-Cognitive Theory: Emphasizes the link between social and personality development with advancements in cognitive skills.
Changes in Attachment Throughout Childhood
- By 12 months: Children typically form a clear attachment to at least one caregiver.
- Ages 2-3: Attachment behaviors may become less visible.
- Age 3: Children can wander from their caregiver without experiencing distress.
- Age 4: Relationships shift to goal-corrected partnerships, where children modify their behavior based on others' goals.
Parenting Styles
- Permissive: High nurturance but low demands for control and maturity.
- Authoritarian: High control and maturity expectations, with low nurturance and communication.
- Authoritative: Balanced, high in nurturance, clarity, consistency, communication, and maturity demands.
- Uninvolved: Low across all dimensions of nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication.
Impact of Family Structure on Children
- Lone Parent Risks: Increased likelihood of emotional disorders, conduct issues, hyperactivity, repeating grades, and relationship problems.
- Effects of Divorce: Potential decline in academic performance alongside aggressive, defiant, or depressed behaviors.
- Step-Parent Families: Higher rates of delinquency and behavior problems at school, along with lower academic achievement.
Stages of Play
- Solitary & Onlooker Play: Begins around 6 months, involving solitary play or observing peers.
- Parallel Play: Occurs between 14-18 months, where children play side by side but not necessarily together.
- Associative Play: Starts around 18 months; children engage in individual activities but have brief social interactions.
- Cooperative Play: Arises at ages 3-4, where children collaborate to achieve common goals.
Preschool Children's Aggressive Behavior
- Aggression is a learned behavior, reinforced through modeling, and may have an epigenetic component.
Prosocial Behavior
- Defined as actions intended to assist others, typically emerging around ages 2-3.
- Parents can cultivate prosocial behavior by reinforcing positive actions and discussing emotions.
Changes During Preschool Years
- Categorical Self: Children start to identify based on visible traits (e.g., boy or girl) rather than internal qualities.
- Emotional Self: Development of emotional regulation skills.
- Social Self: Awareness of their own role in social dynamics.
Gender Development Theories
- Social Cognitive Explanation: Asserts that parents influence sex-role behavior through reinforcement.
- Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Gender Development includes:
- Gender Identity
- Gender Stability
- Cognitive Developmental Explanation: Children use an organizing principle to learn about gender and align their behavior with cultural norms.
- Gender Schema Theory: Highlights the use of gender schemas for processing gender-related information.
Preschool Acquisition of Gender Roles
- Cultural context significantly impacts the understanding of gender roles.
- Preference for gender-specific toys typically develops between ages 18 and 24 months.
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Description
Explore Erikson’s stages of personality development, focusing on the early years of a child’s life. This quiz covers crucial concepts such as autonomy versus shame and doubt, as well as initiative versus guilt. Understand how these stages impact a child's social-cognitive development.
