Erikson's Stages of Development

Erikson's Stages of Development

• Each stage builds on the previous ones, setting the stage for subsequent development.
• People face a conflict in each stage, which acts as a turning point

The Stages

• Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust occurs from 1-2 years old, with the mother being the central figure.
• Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt occurs from 2-4 years old, involving both parents.
• Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt occurs from 4-5 years old, and includes the entire family.
• Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority spans from 5-12 years old, involving neighbors and schools.
• Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion spans from 13-19 years old, involving peers and role models.
• Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation spans from 20-40 years old, focusing on friends and partners.
• Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation spans from ages 40-65 years old, involving people at home and work.
• Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair occurs from 65 to death.

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks for Adulthood

• Identified six major stages in human life
• Infancy & early childhood: from birth to 6 years
• Middle childhood: from 6-12 years
• Adolescence: from 13-18 years
• Early Adulthood: from 19-30 years
• Middle Age: from 30-60 years
• Later maturity: 60 years and over

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

• Children progress through four stages of learning.
• It explains how children acquire knowledge and the nature of intelligence.

The Stages

• Sensorimotor stage: from birth to 2 years
• Knowing the world occurs through movements and sensations, basic actions, and listening.
• Object permanence is learned.
• Realization that they are separate from people and objects happens.
• Actions can cause things to happen in the world around them.
• Preoperational stage: from ages 2 to 7
• Thinking symbolically begins, using words and pictures to represent objects.
• Egocentrism occurs, while still thinking in concrete terms.
• Concrete operational stage: from ages 7 to 11
• Beginning to think logically about concrete events
• Conservation is understood, which relates to logical and organized thinking.
• The use of inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle begins
• Formal operational stage: from ages 12 and up
• Abstract thinking starts and reasoning about hypothetical problems is developed
• More thinking about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues comes into play.
• Deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to specific information is developed

Challenges and Issues Among Adolescents

• Physical Appearance: Puberty
• Identity Development: Who are you?
• Gender Identity: Gender orientation
• Social Cognition: Imaginary audience and personal fable
• Impulsivity and Risk: Taking or thrill-seeking behavior.
• Sexual Behavior: Hormones

Personal Development Key Concepts

• Knowing yourself is the beginning of wisdom
• Johari Windows have 4 quadrants: open arena, blindspot, façade, and the unknown.
• Dimensions of self: physical, psychological, spiritual
• Attitudes and its components: affect, behavior, cognition
• The 3 dimensions cognitive, affective, psychomotor affect emotions
• Thoughts are cognitive.
• Behavior is psychomotor.
• "Birds of the same feathers are the same birds" is a social factor.
• Learning comes from zone of proximal development and attitude: "You deserve what you tolerate".
• Operant conditioning involves the perception of “modelling”.
• Positive and negative reinforcement always provide positive results with the same for motivation
• Self concept is what we think and what we know
• Self-esteem is situational, building confidence, involvement of emotion, and being emotionally inclined.
• "The higher the praise to a child produces good but too much leads to narcissism".
• The higher the expectation, the higher the frustration
• "The higher the self attainment, the higher the self complexity”
• The Abraham Maslow hierarchy of need develops the idea that no one has been in self actualization.
• Self actualization is hard to achieve.
• Moral development: pre conventional, conventional, post conventional

Explore Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, each presenting a unique conflict that shapes personality. From infancy to old age, discover how trust, autonomy, initiative, and identity influence growth and relationships. Understand the impact of family, peers, and society on each stage's resolution.