Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

• Erik Erikson, a psychodynamic theorist, viewed each developmental stage in childhood as a "miracle of vigorous unfolding," creating both hope and responsibility.

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

• Trust vs. Mistrust stage occurs from 0-18 months, where the caregiver's attention to the child's needs fosters hope and optimism; maladaptive behavior is sensory distortion, and malignancy is withdrawal.
• Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt stage spans from 18-36 months, focusing on control of bodily functions to develop will; maladaptive behavior is impulsivity, and malignancy is compulsion.
• Initiative vs. Guilt stage, occurring during childhood, involves initiating tasks to develop purpose; maladaptive behavior is ruthlessness, and malignancy is inhibition.
• Industry vs. Inferiority stage, from 6-12 years, focuses on friendships, sports, academics, and interests to build competence; maladaptive behavior is narrow virtuosity, and malignancy is inertia.
• Identity Formation vs. Role Confusion stage occurs from 12-18 years, emphasizing independence and self-discovery to develop fidelity; maladaptive behavior is fanaticism, and malignancy is repudiation.
• Intimacy vs. Isolation stage spans from 19-40 years, focusing on forming relationships to develop love; maladaptive behavior is promiscuity, and malignancy is exclusivity.
• Generativity vs. Stagnation stage occurs from 40-65 years, focusing on creating and nurturing to develop care; maladaptive behavior is overextension, and malignancy is rejectivity.
• Integrity vs. Despair stage occurs from 65 years onward, emphasizing fulfillment to develop wisdom; maladaptive behavior is presumption, and malignancy is disdain.

Robert Havinghurst's Developmental Tasks

• Focuses on the tasks individuals need to achieve at different stages of life

Douglas Kimmel and Irving Weiner - Stages of Adolescence

• Highlight the changes and developmental tasks specific to early, middle, and late adolescence.

Early Adolescence (12-13 years)

• Characterized by rapid physical growth and bodily changes and involves accepting one's physique and using the body effectively.

Middle Adolescence (14-16 years)

• Involves social adeptness and intimate relationships, achieving mature relations with peers of both sexes, establishing a masculine or feminine social role, and gaining emotional independence from adults

Late Adolescence (17 years and older)

• Includes preparing for marriage, family life, and an economic career, acquiring values and ethics, and engaging in socially responsible behavior.

David Elkind - Adolescent Thinking

• Focuses on the self-absorption characteristic of adolescents, who often believe they are the center of attention.

Elkind's Adolescent Egocentrism

• Describes adolescents as being highly self-absorbed and more focused on their own feelings and experiences than those of others.

Elkind's Imaginary Audience

• Is the belief that peers are constantly watching their performance.

Elkind's Personal Fable

• Is the tendency to think of their experiences and feelings as unique, leading to feelings of being misunderstood.

Elkind's Invincibility Fable

• Is the belief that misfortune only happens to others, leading to risk-taking behavior.

Key Foundations for Success in Adulthood

• Self-Regulation: Managing attention, emotions, and behavior to achieve goals
• Knowledge & Skills: Understanding oneself, others, and the world
• Mindsets: Beliefs and attitudes that influence decision-making
• Values: Deeply held beliefs that guide long-term goals

Stages of Adolescence

• Early Adolescence: 10-14 years
• Mid Adolescence: 15-17 years
• Late Adolescence: 18-24 years

Principles of Development (SIGH)

• Sequential: Development follows a specific order.
• Individualized: Development occurs at a unique pace for each individual.
• Gradual: Development happens over time, not suddenly.
• Holistic: Development affects multiple aspects (physical, emotional, cognitive, and social).

Challenges of Adolescence

• Speed of Transition: Rapid changes can be overwhelming.
• Degree of Dependency: Overprotective parents may hinder independence.
• Conflicting Demands: Differing expectations from family, school, and peers.
• Hormonal Changes: Growth spurts, puberty, and emotional fluctuations.

Role of Peers in Adolescence

• Influence on decision-making and values
• Development of social skills (communication, cooperation)
• Important for emotional support and identity formation

Social Comparison

• Upward Comparison: Comparing oneself to more successful individuals (motivating but may cause self-doubt).
• Downward Comparison: Comparing oneself to less successful individuals (boosts confidence but may cause complacency).

Sense of Responsibility

• Developed through exposure to tasks, learning from trial and error, developing decision-making skills, and taking accountability.

Cultural Influences on Filipino Adolescents

• Strong Family Ties: exert influence on life choices.
• Traditional Values: Emphasize respect, responsibility, and community involvement.
• Modern Influences: Global culture shaping new perspectives.

Stress

• Defined as a reaction of the mind and body to a stimulus that disrupts well-being.

Types of Stress

• Eustress (Beneficial Stress): Motivates and enhances performance.
• Distress (Destructive Stress): Prolonged stress leading to mental and physical harm.

Sources of Stress

• External Stressors: Include school, relationships, and environment.
• Internal Stressors: Include negative self-talk, fear of the future, and unrealistic expectations.

Effects of Stress

• Positive Effects: Can improve focus and resilience.
• Negative Effects: Can lead to anxiety, poor health, and emotional exhaustion.

Three Perspectives of Stress

• Stress as a Stimulus: Triggered by life events (e.g., moving, exams).
• Stress as a Response: Physical reaction involving hormones like cortisol and norepinephrine.
• Stress as a Relational Factor: How individuals interpret and cope with stress.

Coping Strategies

• Assertiveness Training: Expressing emotions clearly and respectfully.
• Positive Self-Talk: Replacing negative thoughts with constructive ones.
• Taking Breaks: Engaging in hobbies like music, art, or sports.
• Building Support Networks: Surrounding oneself with positive influences.

Stress Management Techniques

• Understanding Stressors: Identifying sources of stress.
• Developing Coping Mechanisms: Finding strategies to manage stress.
• Relaxation Strategies: Employing meditation, deep breathing, and mindfulness.
• Time Management: Prioritizing tasks to reduce pressure.
• Seeking Social Support: Talking to friends, mentors, or counselors.

Explore Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Learn about the stages from Trust vs. Mistrust to Identity vs. Role Confusion. Understand the impact of each stage on personality development.