ER2643 - Environmental Pollution Lecture 2

Snow's study is regarded as the founding event of epidemiology and Health GIS.

Aesthetic attributes are defined as being free from colour, taste, odour, and pleasing to the physical perception.

Bacteriological safety (free from pathogens) and chemical safety (free from toxicants).

<p>Itai itai disease is associated with cadmium toxicity from contaminated water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dental fluorosis can decolorize teeth due to excessive fluoride in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shallow wells are normally 5-30 meters deep and are prone to bacteriological contamination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal fluorosis weakens bones and can cause stoop, resulting from excessive fluoride levels in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapidly developing technology and sophisticated analytical instruments allow for the detection of water pollutants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He traced the source of a cholera outbreak to a contaminated water pump, demonstrating the link between water quality and disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He questioned the idea that diseases were caused by bad air, instead highlighting the role of contaminated water in spreading cholera.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He conducted interviews with local residents and used statistical analysis to map the cases of cholera.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dot map illustrated the clustering of cholera cases around the pump, supporting his hypothesis about water quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They supplied homes with water from the polluted Thames, contributing to the spread of cholera.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deep tube wells typically have less pathogenic bacteria due to being filtered by top soil layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The germ theory of disease was established, identifying specific organisms like vibrio comma as cholera's cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluoride (Fl) and Arsenic (As) are two common inorganic contaminants found in groundwater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surface water is contaminated by agricultural, domestic, and industrial effluents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The local council deactivated the well pump, reducing the cholera cases linked to its water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sections of the Thames were sewage-polluted, leading to contaminated water supply from the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salinity must be removed from seawater before it can be used for domestic or industrial purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treated effluent can be used for gardening, flushing toilets, and cooling in industrial processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The quality of raw water in the River Ganga changes as it traverses different cities before entering the ocean.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main aesthetic objectives of water treatment are to eliminate colour, taste, odour, and turbidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first step is conducting water quality analysis to assess the water quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Domestic sewage is used water from households, while industrial sewage comes from manufacturing processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disinfection aims to eliminate harmful microorganisms and pathogens from the water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Typical steps include sedimentation, coagulation and flocculation, filtration, disinfection, and aeration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental engineers aim to prevent and minimize waste generation in industries and treat waste before discharge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storm sewage, or storm water, is runoff from precipitation, collected through a system of pipes or open channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Safe water treatment aims to remove micro-organisms and toxic chemicals such as heavy metals and pesticides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental pollution is any undesirable change in the environment caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biodegradable pollutants are substances that can decompose under natural conditions; an example is food waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-biodegradable pollutants are synthetic compounds that cannot be decomposed by biological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stock pollutants are substances that the environment cannot absorb adequately, such as heavy metals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fund pollutants are those with some level of absorptive capacity, like carbon dioxide, differing from stock pollutants that accumulate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The accumulation of stock pollutants can create lasting environmental damage that persists beyond the initial pollution events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of a fund pollutant is nitrogen; when present in appropriate amounts, it is beneficial, but excess nitrogen can lead to eutrophication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biodegradable pollutants can enrich soil quality and support plant growth as they decompose and return nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers