Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a common cause of poor performance in racehorses related to the upper airway?
What is a common cause of poor performance in racehorses related to the upper airway?
Static airway obstructions are more likely to cause issues during strenuous exercise.
Static airway obstructions are more likely to cause issues during strenuous exercise.
False
Name two clinical signs associated with upper airway obstruction.
Name two clinical signs associated with upper airway obstruction.
Exercise intolerance and abnormal respiratory sounds.
Upper airway obstruction can result from collapse of the nostrils, nasopharynx, and the __________.
Upper airway obstruction can result from collapse of the nostrils, nasopharynx, and the __________.
Signup and view all the answers
During endoscopic examinations, which method is NOT used for assessing laryngeal function?
During endoscopic examinations, which method is NOT used for assessing laryngeal function?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the grades of laryngeal function with their descriptions:
Match the grades of laryngeal function with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What does Grade III laryngeal function indicate about arytenoid movements?
What does Grade III laryngeal function indicate about arytenoid movements?
Signup and view all the answers
Most dynamic airway collapses are apparent during resting examination.
Most dynamic airway collapses are apparent during resting examination.
Signup and view all the answers
Full abduction is never achieved in Grade IV laryngeal function.
Full abduction is never achieved in Grade IV laryngeal function.
Signup and view all the answers
What is assessed during a resting endoscopic examination?
What is assessed during a resting endoscopic examination?
Signup and view all the answers
In what situations can full symmetrical abduction be achieved according to the content?
In what situations can full symmetrical abduction be achieved according to the content?
Signup and view all the answers
In Grade II laryngeal function, __________ much of the time due to reduced mobility of arytenoid and vocal fold.
In Grade II laryngeal function, __________ much of the time due to reduced mobility of arytenoid and vocal fold.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the grade of laryngeal function with its description:
Match the grade of laryngeal function with its description:
Signup and view all the answers
How is resting endoscopy useful in assessing laryngeal function?
How is resting endoscopy useful in assessing laryngeal function?
Signup and view all the answers
A significant correlation exists between grade of laryngeal function at rest and exercise.
A significant correlation exists between grade of laryngeal function at rest and exercise.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of the study mentioned in the content?
What is the primary focus of the study mentioned in the content?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the specificity of the grading system mentioned in the content?
What is the specificity of the grading system mentioned in the content?
Signup and view all the answers
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) is less common in horses with DDSP during exercise.
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) is less common in horses with DDSP during exercise.
Signup and view all the answers
What system was used for grading resting laryngeal function?
What system was used for grading resting laryngeal function?
Signup and view all the answers
The positive predictive value of the grading system is only _____%.
The positive predictive value of the grading system is only _____%.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the endoscopic grading systems with their significance:
Match the endoscopic grading systems with their significance:
Signup and view all the answers
How many horses underwent high-speed treadmill endoscopy (HSTE)?
How many horses underwent high-speed treadmill endoscopy (HSTE)?
Signup and view all the answers
The grading systems mentioned were only developed in the early 2000s.
The grading systems mentioned were only developed in the early 2000s.
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the main uses of resting laryngeal function grading systems?
What is one of the main uses of resting laryngeal function grading systems?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the correlation coefficient for laryngeal function at rest and exercise?
What was the correlation coefficient for laryngeal function at rest and exercise?
Signup and view all the answers
All horses examined had normal nasopharyngeal and laryngeal condition.
All horses examined had normal nasopharyngeal and laryngeal condition.
Signup and view all the answers
What condition did one yearling Clydesdale have on the nasal aspect of its soft palate?
What condition did one yearling Clydesdale have on the nasal aspect of its soft palate?
Signup and view all the answers
The laryngeal hemiplegia is classified as grade ___ RLN.
The laryngeal hemiplegia is classified as grade ___ RLN.
Signup and view all the answers
How many horses underwent broncho-alveolar lavage?
How many horses underwent broncho-alveolar lavage?
Signup and view all the answers
Resting endoscopy was recorded for all examined horses.
Resting endoscopy was recorded for all examined horses.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of endoscope was used during the exercising endoscopic examinations?
What type of endoscope was used during the exercising endoscopic examinations?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the conditions with their descriptions:
Match the conditions with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary objective of the study on horses with recurrent laryngeal nerve lesions?
What is the primary objective of the study on horses with recurrent laryngeal nerve lesions?
Signup and view all the answers
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is shorter than the right recurrent laryngeal nerve in horses.
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is shorter than the right recurrent laryngeal nerve in horses.
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of lesions were found in both the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves of the horses examined?
Which type of lesions were found in both the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves of the horses examined?
Signup and view all the answers
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the ______, while the right nerve loops around the right subclavian artery.
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the ______, while the right nerve loops around the right subclavian artery.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following nerves with their characteristics:
Match the following nerves with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
What was not found in the examined horses with recurrent laryngeal nerve lesions?
What was not found in the examined horses with recurrent laryngeal nerve lesions?
Signup and view all the answers
The recurrent laryngeal nerves are considered the shortest nerves in the horse.
The recurrent laryngeal nerves are considered the shortest nerves in the horse.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the approximate length of the recurrent laryngeal nerves in the horses studied?
What is the approximate length of the recurrent laryngeal nerves in the horses studied?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Equine Upper Airway Obstruction
- Dynamic airway collapse occurs when structures within the upper respiratory tract collapse during exercise, leading to airway obstruction.
- Common sites of collapse: nostrils, nasopharynx, larynx
- Often not noticeable during resting examinations.
- Predominantly occurs during strenuous exercise.
- Common cause of poor performance in racehorses.
- Also occurs in sport horses during submaximal exercise, often associated with poll flexion.
Clinical Signs of Upper Airway Obstruction
- Abnormal respiratory sounds during exercise
- Exercise intolerance
- Respiratory distress
- Nasal discharge
- Cough
Investigation of Upper Airway Obstruction
-
Endoscopic examination at rest and during exercise
- Resting endoscopy ideally performed un-sedated
- Exercising endoscopy can be done using a telemetric endoscope
- Other investigations may include ultrasonography, radiography, and MRI
Resting Endoscopic Examination
- Ideally performed un-sedated.
- Positioning artifact must be considered.
-
Assessment of laryngeal function:
- Nasal occlusion
- Elicit swallowing
- Slap test (thoracolaryngeal reflex)
Grading of Laryngeal Function at Rest - Havemeyer, 2003
- Grade 1: Symmetrical, synchronous arytenoid cartilage movements, full abduction maintained.
-
Grade 2: Asynchronous and/or asymmetric arytenoid cartilage movements, but full abduction can be maintained.
- Grade II.1: Transient asynchrony, flutter or delayed movements.
- Grade II.2: Asymmetry much of the time, but full abduction is achieved and maintained on occasion.
-
Grade 3: Asynchronous and/or asymmetric arytenoid cartilage movements, full abduction cannot be maintained.
- Grade III.1: Asymmetry most of the time, full abduction achieved but not maintained.
- Grade III.2: Obvious arytenoid abductor deficit and asymmetry, full abduction never achieved.
- Grade III.3: Marked but not total arytenoid abductor deficit and asymmetry, full abduction never achieved.
- Grade 4: Complete immobility of the arytenoid and vocal fold.
Correlation of Resting and Exercising Endoscopic Findings
- Research has shown a significant correlation between the grade of laryngeal function at rest and exercise.
- Resting laryngeal function grading systems are used to predict the likelihood of dynamic laryngeal collapse during exercise.
Common Forms of Upper Airway Obstruction
-
Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate (DDSP):
- Palate moves upwards and blocks the nasopharyngeal opening.
- Common cause of upper airway obstruction.
-
Laryngeal Hemiplegia:
- Paralysis of one recurrent laryngeal nerve.
- Arytenoid cartilage on one side cannot abduct, leading to obstruction.
-
Arytenoid Chondritis:
- Inflammation of the arytenoid cartilage.
- Can cause obstruction due to swelling and/or reduced mobility.
-
Neurogenic Atrophy of Associated Musculature:
- Degeneration of muscles associated with the larynx.
- Muscles become weak and unable to maintain proper laryngeal function, leading to collapse.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores the causes, clinical signs, and investigation methods associated with equine upper airway obstruction. It focuses on dynamic airway collapse during exercise, emphasizing its impact on performance in racehorses and sport horses. Test your knowledge on diagnosis and management of this important equine health issue.
