Equine Upper Airway Obstruction
40 Questions
0 Views

Equine Upper Airway Obstruction

Created by
@EngrossingConcreteArt6968

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a common cause of poor performance in racehorses related to the upper airway?

  • Nasal obstruction
  • Laryngeal paralysis
  • Sedation
  • Dynamic airway collapse (correct)

    • Static airway obstructions are more likely to cause issues during strenuous exercise.

    False

    Name two clinical signs associated with upper airway obstruction.

    Exercise intolerance and abnormal respiratory sounds.

    Upper airway obstruction can result from collapse of the nostrils, nasopharynx, and the __________.

    <p>larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During endoscopic examinations, which method is NOT used for assessing laryngeal function?

    <p>Breath holding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the grades of laryngeal function with their descriptions:

    <p>Grade I = All arytenoid movements are synchronous and symmetrical Grade II = Asynchronous or asymmetric movements but full abduction is achievable Grade II.1 = Transient asynchrony or delayed movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Grade III laryngeal function indicate about arytenoid movements?

    <p>Asynchronous and/or asymmetric movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most dynamic airway collapses are apparent during resting examination.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Full abduction is never achieved in Grade IV laryngeal function.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assessed during a resting endoscopic examination?

    <p>Laryngeal function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situations can full symmetrical abduction be achieved according to the content?

    <p>After swallowing or nostril occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Grade II laryngeal function, __________ much of the time due to reduced mobility of arytenoid and vocal fold.

    <p>asymmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the grade of laryngeal function with its description:

    <p>Grade I = Full mobility and symmetry Grade II = Asymmetry with occasional full abduction Grade III = Ayrtenoid abductor deficit and little movement Grade IV = Complete immobility of arytenoids and vocal fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is resting endoscopy useful in assessing laryngeal function?

    <p>It correlates resting and exercising endoscopic findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A significant correlation exists between grade of laryngeal function at rest and exercise.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the study mentioned in the content?

    <p>To correlate resting and exercising laryngeal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specificity of the grading system mentioned in the content?

    <p>88%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) is less common in horses with DDSP during exercise.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system was used for grading resting laryngeal function?

    <p>Havemeyer grading system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The positive predictive value of the grading system is only _____%.

    <p>57</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the endoscopic grading systems with their significance:

    <p>Havemeyer system = Consensus developed for endoscopic grading Hackett et al. 1991 = Early described grading system Lane 1993 = Correlation to exercising laryngeal function Dixon et al. 2001 = Another grading system in literature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many horses underwent high-speed treadmill endoscopy (HSTE)?

    <p>281</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The grading systems mentioned were only developed in the early 2000s.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main uses of resting laryngeal function grading systems?

    <p>To predict dynamic laryngeal collapse during exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the correlation coefficient for laryngeal function at rest and exercise?

    <p>0.53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All horses examined had normal nasopharyngeal and laryngeal condition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition did one yearling Clydesdale have on the nasal aspect of its soft palate?

    <p>granuloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The laryngeal hemiplegia is classified as grade ___ RLN.

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many horses underwent broncho-alveolar lavage?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resting endoscopy was recorded for all examined horses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of endoscope was used during the exercising endoscopic examinations?

    <p>Dynamic Respiratory Scope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Laryngeal hemiplegia = Grade 4 RLN condition Arytenoid chondritis = Inflammation of the arytenoid cartilage Epiglottic entrapment = Condition impacting epiglottis function Granuloma = Localized swelling or tumor-like lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the study on horses with recurrent laryngeal nerve lesions?

    <p>To determine if RLN should be classified as mono- or polyneuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is shorter than the right recurrent laryngeal nerve in horses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lesions were found in both the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves of the horses examined?

    <p>Severe lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the ______, while the right nerve loops around the right subclavian artery.

    <p>aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nerves with their characteristics:

    <p>Left recurrent laryngeal nerve = Longer due to looping around the aorta Right recurrent laryngeal nerve = Shorter and loops around the right subclavian artery Proximal lesions = Examined but not primarily affected Distal lesions = Severe lesions were evident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was not found in the examined horses with recurrent laryngeal nerve lesions?

    <p>Primary axonal lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recurrent laryngeal nerves are considered the shortest nerves in the horse.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate length of the recurrent laryngeal nerves in the horses studied?

    <p>About 250 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Equine Upper Airway Obstruction

    • Dynamic airway collapse occurs when structures within the upper respiratory tract collapse during exercise, leading to airway obstruction.
    • Common sites of collapse: nostrils, nasopharynx, larynx
    • Often not noticeable during resting examinations.
    • Predominantly occurs during strenuous exercise.
    • Common cause of poor performance in racehorses.
    • Also occurs in sport horses during submaximal exercise, often associated with poll flexion.

    Clinical Signs of Upper Airway Obstruction

    • Abnormal respiratory sounds during exercise
    • Exercise intolerance
    • Respiratory distress
    • Nasal discharge
    • Cough

    Investigation of Upper Airway Obstruction

    • Endoscopic examination at rest and during exercise
      • Resting endoscopy ideally performed un-sedated
      • Exercising endoscopy can be done using a telemetric endoscope
    • Other investigations may include ultrasonography, radiography, and MRI

    Resting Endoscopic Examination

    • Ideally performed un-sedated.
    • Positioning artifact must be considered.
    • Assessment of laryngeal function:
      • Nasal occlusion
      • Elicit swallowing
      • Slap test (thoracolaryngeal reflex)

    Grading of Laryngeal Function at Rest - Havemeyer, 2003

    • Grade 1: Symmetrical, synchronous arytenoid cartilage movements, full abduction maintained.
    • Grade 2: Asynchronous and/or asymmetric arytenoid cartilage movements, but full abduction can be maintained.
      • Grade II.1: Transient asynchrony, flutter or delayed movements.
      • Grade II.2: Asymmetry much of the time, but full abduction is achieved and maintained on occasion.
    • Grade 3: Asynchronous and/or asymmetric arytenoid cartilage movements, full abduction cannot be maintained.
      • Grade III.1: Asymmetry most of the time, full abduction achieved but not maintained.
      • Grade III.2: Obvious arytenoid abductor deficit and asymmetry, full abduction never achieved.
      • Grade III.3: Marked but not total arytenoid abductor deficit and asymmetry, full abduction never achieved.
    • Grade 4: Complete immobility of the arytenoid and vocal fold.

    Correlation of Resting and Exercising Endoscopic Findings

    • Research has shown a significant correlation between the grade of laryngeal function at rest and exercise.
    • Resting laryngeal function grading systems are used to predict the likelihood of dynamic laryngeal collapse during exercise.

    Common Forms of Upper Airway Obstruction

    • Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate (DDSP):
      • Palate moves upwards and blocks the nasopharyngeal opening.
      • Common cause of upper airway obstruction.
    • Laryngeal Hemiplegia:
      • Paralysis of one recurrent laryngeal nerve.
      • Arytenoid cartilage on one side cannot abduct, leading to obstruction.
    • Arytenoid Chondritis:
      • Inflammation of the arytenoid cartilage.
      • Can cause obstruction due to swelling and/or reduced mobility.
    • Neurogenic Atrophy of Associated Musculature:
      • Degeneration of muscles associated with the larynx.
      • Muscles become weak and unable to maintain proper laryngeal function, leading to collapse.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Equine Upper Airway Obstruction Diagnosis PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the causes, clinical signs, and investigation methods associated with equine upper airway obstruction. It focuses on dynamic airway collapse during exercise, emphasizing its impact on performance in racehorses and sport horses. Test your knowledge on diagnosis and management of this important equine health issue.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser