25 Questions
What is a common clinical sign of cystitis in horses?
Frequent attempts to urinate
What is a predisposing cause of cystitis in mares?
All of the above
What is a common first choice for antimicrobial therapy in cystitis treatment?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS)
What is the recommended technique for catheterization in male horses?
Sedate, then pass stallion catheter after aseptically cleaning glans penis
What is the purpose of performing a rectal examination in equine renal disease?
To palpate the left kidney for mobility and signs of inflammation
What is the purpose of using ultrasound in equine renal disease?
To visualize the size, shape, and texture of the kidney
What should be easily palpable and nonpainful during physical examination of the urinary tract in horses?
Bladder
What can be used to guide diagnosis of renal calculi in horses?
Ultrasound imaging
What is an efficient way to characterize chronic renal disease in horses?
Biopsy
What does Acute Kidney Injury result in?
Azotemia and elevated BUN and Creatinine
Which type of azotemia is most common in horses?
Pre-renal azotemia
What happens to electrolytes in horses with renal disease?
Electrolytes conserved by the kidney are lost and excreted electrolytes are elevated
What can Urinary Clearance Ratios identify in horses?
Abnormalities in electrolyte or enzyme excretion prior to serum value alterations
What does increased urinary GGT suggest in horses?
Renal tubular disease
What can cause acute renal failure in horses?
Aminoglycoside toxicity
What can pigmenturia in horses indicate?
Intravascular hemolysis or myositis
Which NSAID is relatively toxic to horses?
Phenylbutazone
What manifestations are common with NSAID toxicity in horses?
Low blood protein and oral and gastric ulcers
What is necessary for renal disease to occur due to NSAIDs?
Dehydration
What is a characteristic of Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) in horses?
Weight loss and anorexia
What are the etiologies of CRF in horses?
Proliferative glomerulonephritis and chronic interstitial nephritis
What is a recommended treatment for CRF in horses?
Antibiotics for pyelonephritis and supportive therapy
How are Leptospires transmitted to horses?
Through infected urine, blood, or aborted tissues
What are the clinical signs of leptospirosis in horses?
Uveitis and mid- to late-term abortions
How can leptospirosis in horses be prevented?
By keeping them away from standing water and using the available vaccine
Study Notes
Equine Renal Diseases and Leptospirosis
- Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) have species-dependent actions and toxicity in horses, with phenylbutazone, flunixin, and ketoprofen being relatively toxic.
- Toxicity of NSAIDs is dose-dependent, not time-dependent, and common manifestations include low blood protein, oral and gastric ulcers, and less commonly, right dorsal colitis.
- NSAIDs can lead to papillary necrosis in the kidney, and dehydration is necessary for renal disease to occur.
- Treatment for acute renal failure (ARF) involves removing the predisposing factor, establishing diuresis, and fluid therapy using diuretics and force feeding for positive energy balance.
- Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) in horses is usually seen in middle-aged or older animals and is characterized by weight loss, anorexia, and dependent edema.
- CRF leads to clinical lab data changes such as anemia, hypoproteinemia, azotemia, and high serum calcium levels.
- Etiologies of CRF include proliferative glomerulonephritis, chronic interstitial nephritis, pyelonephritis, and chronic pyelonephritis.
- Treatment for CRF involves antibiotics for pyelonephritis, supportive therapy, and a high calorie, low calcium diet.
- Leptospirosis is an under-reported disease in horses, with a vaccine available since 2015, and it is associated with abortion and uveitis.
- Leptospires, the causative organisms of leptospirosis, are spirochetes with multiple serovars and subtypes, and they are transmitted through infected urine, blood, or aborted tissues.
- Clinical signs of leptospirosis in horses include uveitis, mid- to late-term abortions, placentitis, lesions in foals, and acute renal failure.
- Prevention of leptospirosis in horses involves keeping them away from standing water, protecting horse feed from wildlife contamination, and using the available vaccine to stimulate an immune response.
Test your knowledge of equine renal diseases and leptospirosis with this quiz. Learn about the toxic effects of NSAIDs, treatment of acute and chronic renal failure, and the clinical signs and prevention of leptospirosis in horses.
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