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Questions and Answers
Which bone forms by intramembranous ossification?
What is the formation of bone from a cartilaginous model termed?
Which bone is not part of the axial skeleton?
How many cranial bones and facial bones does the skull consist of?
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Which bones articulate with the femur?
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A simple squamous epithelium consists of how many layers of cells?
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What type of epithelium lines the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli)?
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Which option is not a function of the integument?
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From deep to superficial, what is the correct order of the strata of the epidermis?
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What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
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The reticular layer of the dermis primarily consists of which tissue type?
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What is the part of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface called?
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What is the main function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates?
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Where does hemopoiesis primarily occur in the body?
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What age-related change occurs when osteoblasts become walled in as the bone matrix calcifies?
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Interstitial growth of cartilage primarily increases its length in which region?
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Which statement is true regarding intramembranous ossification?
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What is a function that bone does not perform?
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The bones of the fingers and toes are categorized as what type of bones?
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Severe anemia may lead to the conversion of which type of marrow?
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Study Notes
Epithelial Tissue
- Epithelial tissue has polarity as a characteristic.
- All epithelial tissues are connected by intercellular junctions.
- Epithelial tissue has a high regeneration capability.
- All epithelial tissues are attached to a basement membrane.
- A simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flattened cells attached directly to a basement membrane.
- The lining of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs is comprised of simple squamous epithelium.
Integumentary System
- The integumentary system is responsible for protection, water loss prevention, temperature regulation, and synthesis of cholecalciferol (Vitamin D precursor).
Epidermis
- The epidermis is comprised of five strata, from deep to superficial: basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.
- Melanin's role in the skin is protecting against UV light.
- The dermis's reticular layer consists mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.
- Blood capillaries that supply nourishment to the epidermis are found in the dermal papillae.
- Fine hair that is unpigmented or lightly pigmented is called vellus, and it is found on the upper and lower limbs.
- The part of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface is called the shaft.
- The arrector pili muscle pulls on the follicle, causing goose bumps.
- Sebum is a secretion that lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria.
Cartilage
- Cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates is the site of bone elongation and growth.
Bone
- Hemopoiesis occurs in the red bone marrow.
- As the bone matrix calcifies, osteoblasts become osteocytes.
- Interstitial growth of cartilage increases its length and occurs in the internal region of the cartilage.
Intramembranous Ossification
- Intramembranous ossification occurs within mesenchymal connective tissue.
- Intramembranous ossification produces flat bones.
- The cells involved in intramembranous ossification are mesenchymal cells.
- The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments.
- Bone is rigid and mainly contains nerves.
Bone Functions
- Bone's functions include protection, mineral storage, body movement, hormone synthesis, and hemopoiesis.
Bone Types
- The bones of the fingers and toes (phalanges) are classified as long bones.
Bone Growth
- The knobby region of a long bone at the end that is farthest from the trunk is the epiphysis.
- Severe anemia may trigger an adaptive conversion of yellow marrow to red marrow.
- Osteoblasts produce new bone tissue by secreting matrix.
- Osteoid is the organic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength.
Endochondral Ossification
- Endochondral ossification occurs within hyaline cartilage.
- Endochondral ossification produces most bones of the body.
- The cells involved in endochondral ossification are chondroblasts.
- The zygomatic bone is formed by intramembranous ossification.
- The formation of bone from a cartilaginous model is termed endochondral ossification.
- The steps in the process of endochondral ossification are: cartilage model develops, ossification center forms in the diaphysis, cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms, ossification centers form in the epiphyses, bone replaces cartilage, epiphyseal plates ossify.
Bone Remodeling
- Bone remodeling continues throughout adulthood.
- Bone remodeling occurs at different rates.
- 20% of the human skeleton is replaced yearly.
- Bone remodeling is dependent on the coordinated activities of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
- Bone remodeling is influenced by hormones and mechanical stress.
Axial Skeleton
- The clavicle is not part of the axial skeleton.
Skull
- The skull is comprised of eight cranial bones and fourteen facial bones.
- The temporal bone is not a facial bone.
Vertebral Column
- Vertebral column regions, from superior to inferior: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal.
Ribs
- Two pairs of ribs are considered "floating ribs" that do not articulate with the sternum.
Femur Articulating Bones
- The femur articulates with the tibia and patella.
Clavicle Articulating Bones
- The clavicle articulates with the scapula and sternum.
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Description
Explore the fundamental characteristics of epithelial tissue and the components of the integumentary system. This quiz covers the structure and function of the epidermis, intercellular connections, and the role of melanin in skin protection. Test your understanding of this vital area of human anatomy.
