Epithelial and Connective Tissue Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What occurs when malignant cells cross the basal lamina?

The tumor classification is upgraded to a more dangerous level. (correct)

The tumor classification is downgraded to a less dangerous level.

The tumor becomes benign and poses no threat.

The tumor classification remains unchanged.

Which type of epithelium is primarily involved in the secretion of hormones directly into the bloodstream?

Exocrine epithelium

Glandular epithelium (correct)

Ciliated epithelium

Basal epithelium

What defines Victorian Transport across epithelial tissues?

It consists of transport occurring exclusively at the basal membrane.

It involves transport that occurs only via passive diffusion.

It is a random process without specific directional flow.

It requires active transport on one side of the cellular sheet and different transport on the other side. (correct)

Which transporters are mainly involved in the efflux transport in epithelial cells?

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following locations does Victorian Transport NOT occur?

Epithelial lining of the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What role do solute carrier (SLC) transporters primarily play?

They serve as influx transporters through secondary active or facilitated transport. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of the epithelial cells involved in Victorian Transport?

They exhibit non-uniform distribution of transporters on opposing faces. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of mucous connective tissue?

Hyaluronic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue type is known to mainly consist of mesenchymal cells?

Mesenchymal connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Where is loose areolar connective tissue primarily found?

Under the epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of mesenchymal connective tissue observed in adults?

It is found in the pulp of teeth. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a loose arrangement of fibers and high tissue fluid content?

Loose areolar connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the toxicity risk when drugs are administered with P-Glycoprotein inhibitors?

Enhanced drug absorption Signup and view all the answers

Why do smaller molecules tend to be absorbed more readily in the body?

Their size allows faster diffusion across membranes Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions are weak acids more readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract?

In low pH environments Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does Ezetimibe utilize to lower cholesterol absorption?

Blocking the selective-cholesterol transporter Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly impacts the degree of drug ionization in the body?

pKa of the drug Signup and view all the answers

How do weak bases behave in relation to pH levels in the body?

More readily absorbed in higher pH environments Signup and view all the answers

Which condition enhances the absorption of acetaminophen?

Presence of caffeine Signup and view all the answers

What effect do Gliflozins have on blood glucose levels?

Block glucose reabsorption in kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is typical of lipid-soluble drugs compared to water-soluble drugs?

They readily diffuse across cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune system?

To phagocytose and destroy foreign substances Signup and view all the answers

How do T lymphocytes differ from B lymphocytes in terms of maturation?

B cells mature in the bone marrow, T cells in the thymus Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of circulating lymphocytes are B cells?

15% Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of memory cells in the immune system?

To remain dormant and retain immunological memory Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes null cells from other lymphocyte subtypes?

They have no known specific function Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of effector cells in the immune response?

They are differentiated and actively respond to antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly identifies a role of cytokines in the immune response?

They regulate and facilitate the inflammatory response Signup and view all the answers

Where do lymphocytes primarily become immunologically competent?

In the thymus and bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

After maturation, what differentiates the cells of a specific lymphocyte clone?

They can all recognize and respond to the same specific antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of the life span of T and B cells?

Some T cells can live for years while some B cells live for months Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the first line of defense against bacterial infection?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic feature distinguishes eosinophils from other white blood cells?

Bilobed nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is released by basophils during an allergic reaction?

Histamine Signup and view all the answers

The presence of which structure in females' neutrophils is characteristic for sex identification?

Barr body Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neutrophils after they perform their function?

They die and form pus cells Signup and view all the answers

Which blood cell type is known to become macrophages after migrating into connective tissue?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect can occur due to the release of histamine by basophils during an allergic reaction?

Vasodilation and increased vessel permeability Signup and view all the answers

What role do corticosteroids play in the regulation of eosinophil levels?

Depress eosinophil numbers in circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of basophils compared to other leukocytes?

S-shaped nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?

Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes and killing parasites Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Innate Immunity

Innate immunity is an immediate, non-specific response to pathogens.
It doesn't confer long-lasting immunity.
The response occurs in three phases: early induced responses, adaptive immune response, and removal of the infectious agent.
Cells of innate immunity include neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, eosinophils, and basophils.

Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive immunity is specific, has immunologic memory, and responds rapidly to a second antigen exposure.
It involves two main types: active and passive immunity.
Active immunity: the body's own response to foreign material.
- Active natural immunity: immunity developed through exposure to foreign Ags.
- Active artificial immunity: immunity conferred through the introduction of vaccines.
Passive immunity: the body receives preformed antibodies.
- Passive natural immunity: antibodies transferred from mother to the fetus.
- Passive artificial immunity: the administration of preformed antibodies.
Cells involved include macrophages and lymphocytes (B and T cells).
B-cells: involved in antibody-mediated immunity.
T-cells: involved in cell-mediated immunity.

Components of Adaptive Immunity

Macrophages: antigen presenting cells.
B-cells: mature in the bone marrow, express IgM immunoglobulin receptors (BCRs)
- T-cell-dependent activation: involves T-cells for full B-cell response; activation results in antibody production.
- T-cell-independent activation: does not require T-cell support.
T-cells:
- CD4-positive T-cells: regulate B-cell activation and function.
- CD8-positive T-cells: destroy infected or cancerous cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes).
- T-regulatory cells (T(regs)): suppress the immune response.

Immune Cells

Neutrophils: the first responders to infection; phagocytosis.
Monocytes/Macrophages: phagocytosis, cytokine production, and antigen presentation.
Natural Killer (NK) cells: identify and kill infected or cancerous cells.
Eosinophils and Basophils: involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites.
Lymphocytes (B and T cells): responsible for the adaptive immune response.

Cytokines

Cytokines are proteins involved in communication between cells during the immune response.
Types include interleukins (ILs), colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), transforming growth factors (TGFs), and interferons (IFNs).

Complement System

The complement system is a collection of proteins in blood serum that work together to enhance the immune response.
Activation occurs through three pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin pathways.
The result of the pathways is to form a membrane attack complex (MAC) leading to cell lysis.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

The MHC is a set of polymorphic genes on chromosome 6.
MHC Class I molecules are expressed on nearly all nucleated cells.
MHC Class II molecules are expressed mainly on antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
They are involved in the presentation of antigens to T cells, enabling pathogen recognition and killing.

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Primary immunodeficiencies: genetic defects in immune cells/proteins.
Secondary immunodeficiencies: acquired impairments due to other factors like infections, malignancy, or drugs.
Defects can affect phagocytes, B cells, T cells, or complement proteins.

Types Of Hypersensitivity Reactions

Type I: immediate hypersensitivity (allergy); mediated by IgE, mast cells, and basophils leading to the release of inflammatory mediators.
- Example: anaphylaxis, allergies, asthma.
Type II: cytotoxic hypersensitivity; antibody-mediated destruction or dysfunction of cells.
- Example: blood transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Type III: immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity; immune complexes deposit in tissues, triggering inflammation.
- Example: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis.
Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity; cell-mediated response, T cells, and cytokines leading to tissue damage.
- Example: contact dermatitis, transplant rejection.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to epithelial and connective tissues, including transport mechanisms and characteristics of different types of tissues. Test your knowledge on topics such as Victorian Transport, solute carrier transporters, and the properties of connective tissues. Perfect for students studying biology or healthcare.