Epidemiology of Intimate Partner Violence Chapter 6

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT directly linked to an increased risk of health issues as a result of intimate partner violence?

  • Limited access to healthcare
  • Reduced mobility
  • Economic costs (correct)
  • Elevated stress levels

What is a key factor that highlights the importance of research on intimate partner violence?

  • The focus on intimate partner violence is shifting to men.
  • The prevalence of intimate partner violence is decreasing.
  • The use of alcohol to manage stress is decreasing.
  • The long-term implications on disease burden. (correct)

Which of these is NOT a potential health effect resulting from intimate partner violence?

  • Increased mobility (correct)
  • Gastrointestinal disorders
  • Chronic pain
  • Insulin-dependent diabetes

What is a key finding in the epidemiology of intimate partner violence in recent years?

<p>A rise in research on the prevalence of intimate partner violence. (C)</p>
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What is NOT a potential pathway linking intimate partner violence to negative health outcomes?

<p>Financial hardship from lost wages (B)</p>
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What is a common coping mechanism for women experiencing intimate partner violence?

<p>Using alcohol or drugs. (C)</p>
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What is the most accurate statement about the relationship between mental health and intimate partner violence?

<p>Mental health issues can worsen the consequences of intimate partner violence. (D)</p>
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What is a key focus of this chapter in terms of intimate partner violence?

<p>Providing a comprehensive overview of the prevalence of intimate partner violence. (A)</p>
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What is the range of lifetime prevalence of physical intimate partner violence during pregnancy, according to the surveys mentioned in the text?

<p>1% to 28% (B)</p>
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Which of the following countries or regions were identified as having higher prevalence rates of physical intimate partner violence during pregnancy in the surveys discussed?

<p>Latin American and African (C)</p>
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What percentage of women who experienced physical intimate partner violence during pregnancy reported their partner punched or kicked them in the abdomen, according to the WHO Study on domestic violence against women?

<p>23% to 52% (B)</p>
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Which of the following types of intimate partner violence were found to have a higher prevalence in antenatal care studies from Africa compared to multisite surveys?

<p>All of the above (D)</p>
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What is the main source of data used in the Global Burden of Disease study to estimate the prevalence of intimate partner homicide?

<p>Systematic literature review and surveys of country statistics offices (B)</p>
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What is the period covered by data collected for the Global Burden of Disease study on intimate partner homicide?

<p>1982 to 2011 (B)</p>
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Based on the text, which of the following is a key difference between multisite surveys and antenatal care studies on intimate partner violence during pregnancy?

<p>Antenatal care studies are more likely to capture a higher prevalence of intimate partner violence. (A)</p>
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What is the total number of estimates used in the Global Burden of Disease study on intimate partner homicide?

<p>1122 (A)</p>
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Based on the provided information, what is the global prevalence of lifetime exposure to physical or sexual intimate partner violence among all ever-partnered women?

<p>30.0 per cent (C)</p>
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According to the study, what does the prevalence of lifetime exposure to intimate partner violence among ever-partnered women suggest about the timing of this violence?

<p>Intimate partner violence commonly starts early in women's relationships. (B)</p>
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The prevalence of intimate partner violence among ever-partnered women is highest in which WHO regions?

<p>Southeast Asian, Eastern Mediterranean, and African regions. (A)</p>
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What is the main factor contributing to the increased focus on intimate partner violence during pregnancy?

<p>The potential impact on the mother and unborn child's health. (B)</p>
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Which of the following factors were NOT corrected for in the prevalence estimates of intimate partner violence?

<p>Cultural differences. (A)</p>
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What is the estimated prevalence of intimate partner violence among ever-partnered women in the Americas?

<p>30 per cent (D)</p>
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What is the significance of the prevalence rates of intimate partner violence being similar across age groups?

<p>It suggests that intimate partner violence is a widespread issue across all ages. (A)</p>
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What was the primary methodology used to collect data for the prevalence estimates of intimate partner violence?

<p>Random effects meta-regression (D)</p>
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Which factor is linked to an increased likelihood of intimate partner violence according to the content?

<p>Having a partner involved in fights (D)</p>
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What role does women's age play in intimate partner violence risk factors?

<p>Younger age is associated with early pregnancies (B)</p>
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What effect does social disorganization theory suggest about neighborhoods?

<p>Positive community sense lowers intimate partner violence (A)</p>
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Which of the following is identified as a risk factor specifically in Germany?

<p>Women's social isolation (B)</p>
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How does employment instability relate to intimate partner violence?

<p>It is linked to young couples with early pregnancies (C)</p>
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What can lower rates of intimate partner violence according to community support?

<p>Shared values and resident control (C)</p>
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What trend has been observed in relation to intimate partner violence across various countries?

<p>Young couples have a higher rate of violence (A)</p>
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What is one effect of neighborhood surveillance on intimate partner violence?

<p>It helps reduce disputes through social control (A)</p>
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According to the provided content, which of the following is NOT a common indicator of relationship status and quality?

<p>Financial stability (B)</p>
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According to the provided content, what does social exchange theory suggest is a potential cost of engaging in intimate partner violence?

<p>Reduced relationship quality (D)</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a reason outlined in the content for why intimate partner violence might occur?

<p>A woman's perceived threat to her partner's economic well-being (B)</p>
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According to the provided content, what is a potential implication of the relationship between gender roles and intimate partner violence?

<p>Women who challenge traditional gender roles are more likely to experience violence (B)</p>
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between relationship duration and the risk of experiencing intimate partner violence?

<p>Shorter relationships are associated with a higher risk (A)</p>
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According to the content, which of the following factors is NOT directly linked to the likelihood of experiencing intimate partner violence?

<p>Social class (C)</p>
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The text emphasizes the role of the patriarchal nature of society in the prevalence of intimate partner violence. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of this patriarchal nature that contributes to violence against women?

<p>The emphasis on individual autonomy and self-reliance (A)</p>
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Which of the following theories can be applied to explain the association between relationship quality and intimate partner violence, as described in the text?

<p>Social exchange theory (C)</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a protective factor for intimate partner violence according to the presented text?

<p>High income for women (A)</p>
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What is the main reason suggested by the text as to why high levels of education for women can sometimes be a risk factor for intimate partner violence?

<p>Highly educated women are more likely to be financially independent, leading to conflict with partners who feel threatened. (A)</p>
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How can children be a protective factor against intimate partner violence?

<p>They encourage partners to act more maturely and responsibly in front of them. (B)</p>
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What is generally considered a protective factor for intimate partner violence according to the WHO study and the DHS survey?

<p>A couple's shared belief in traditional gender roles. (A)</p>
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Which theory best explains the relationship between resource availability and intimate partner violence?

<p>Resource theory (C)</p>
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Which of the following is a potential consequence of arguments about relationship boundaries, as cited in the text?

<p>Increased risk of violence. (C)</p>
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How can education and employment contribute to a woman's improved bargaining position within a relationship?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p>
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What is the main reason cited in the text for why children are considered a risk factor for intimate partner violence?

<p>Children can tie women to abusive partners economically or through the belief that it is important for children to grow up with a father. (D)</p>
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Flashcards

Rigid Gender Roles

Strict expectations about how genders should behave, influencing relationships and power dynamics.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

Violence or abuse that occurs between two individuals in a romantic relationship.

Young Age as a Risk Factor

Being young in a relationship increases the likelihood of experiencing intimate partner violence.

Social Isolation

Lack of social networks or community ties that can increase the risk of intimate partner violence for women.

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Urban vs. Rural Impact

Living in urban or rural areas can influence the prevalence of intimate partner violence.

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Social Disorganization Theory

Theory stating that neighborhoods with strong social networks have lower rates of intimate partner violence.

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Neighborhood Surveillance

The act of community members monitoring each other to prevent crime and promote safety.

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Prevalence Studies

Research investigating the occurrence of intimate partner violence in different populations globally.

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Global prevalence of intimate partner violence

30.0% of ever-partnered women globally experience IPV.

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Regional prevalence variation

IPV is highest in Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, and Africa at approx. 37%.

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Americas IPV prevalence

Around 30% of women in the Americas experience IPV in their lifetime.

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Other regions IPV prevalence

Roughly 25% of women in all other regions report IPV experience.

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Age variation in IPV

IPV prevalence rates are similar across different age groups of women.

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IPV commonality in relationships

Intimate partner violence often starts early in women's relationships.

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Intimate Partner Violence during Pregnancy

IPV during pregnancy can have serious health consequences for mother and child.

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Meta-regression analysis for IPV

Data from 141 studies across 81 countries were analyzed for IPV prevalence.

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Public Health Issue

An issue impacting the health and well-being of communities, requiring collective action.

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Prevalence Research

Studies focused on how common intimate partner violence is in different populations.

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Health Effects of IPV

The physical, mental, and reproductive health problems linked to exposure to intimate partner violence.

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Direct Pathways

Immediate health consequences from injuries sustained during acts of IPV.

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Indirect Pathways

Health issues from stress and limited resources related to IPV, rather than direct injuries.

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Sustained Elevated Stress

Long-term stress resulting from IPV, linked to various chronic health conditions.

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Health Burden of IPV

The long-term impact of IPV on public health through a range of diseases and disorders.

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Cohabiting Couples

Couples living together without a formal marriage that may face unique relationship stress.

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Risk Factor for Intimate Partner Violence

Conditions or attributes that increase the likelihood of intimate partner violence.

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Protective Factor for Intimate Partner Violence

Conditions or attributes that decrease the likelihood of intimate partner violence.

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Impact of Children

Children can influence relationship dynamics, acting as both risk and protective factors.

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Education's Role

Higher education levels correlate with reduced intimate partner violence risk.

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Resource Theory

The theory that an abusive partner's violence stems from lack of resources and power.

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Women's Employment

Working women typically have lower rates of experiencing intimate partner violence.

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Social Networks

Broader social connections that provide support, can protect against intimate partner violence.

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Feminist and gender role theories

Theories explaining how societal roles contribute to violence against women.

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Intimate partner violence triggers

Factors like partner demands or loss of control can provoke violence.

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Empowerment impact on violence

Ideas of empowerment might lead to increased violence against women.

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Traditional roles and safety

Women behaving traditionally may be safer from intimate partner violence.

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Relationship status indicators

Marital status, duration, and children measure relationship quality.

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Social exchange theory

Theory suggesting violence happens when perceived costs are low.

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Cohabiting and violence

Cohabiting can increase the risk of intimate partner violence.

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Abusive partner perceptions

Abusers assess their physical and psychological dominance as cost-effective.

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Physical Intimate Partner Violence

Violence inflicted by a partner during an intimate relationship.

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Prevalence during Pregnancy

Frequency of violence experienced by pregnant women.

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DHS Survey

Demographic and Health Survey studying various health-related issues, including violence.

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WHO Study

A comprehensive study by WHO assessing domestic violence against women.

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Antenatal Care Surveys

Surveys conducted in clinics that reveal higher violence rates during pregnancy.

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Intimate Partner Homicide

The most severe outcome of intimate partner violence—fatality.

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Global Burden of Disease Study

A study estimating the impact of various health issues, including intimate partner homicide.

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Violence Reporting

Methods used to capture data about violence incidents across populations.

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Study Notes

Epidemiology of Intimate Partner Violence

  • Violence against women, including intimate partner violence (IPV), is a significant public health issue
  • Research on IPV prevalence and effects has increased in the last 20 years, but research on health effects of different forms of IPV is less developed.
  • IPV can cause physical, sexual, reproductive, and mental health problems.
  • IPV impacts health in direct ways (injuries) and indirect ways (stress/reduced access to resources/healthcare).
  • Sustained stress from IPV is linked to cardiovascular issues, hypertension, gastrointestinal problems, chronic pain, and diabetes.
  • Women may use drugs/alcohol to cope with IPV stress.
  • IPV is defined as physical, sexual, emotional, or economic abuse, including controlling behavior, by an intimate partner (includes same-sex partners).

Global Prevalence of IPV

  • Global lifetime prevalence of physical, sexual, or both, IPV against ever-partnered women is 30.0% (95% Confidence Interval: 27.8% - 32.2%).
  • Prevalence is highest in Southeast Asian, Eastern Mediterranean, and African regions (approximately 37% of ever-partnered women reported experience).
  • Prevalence is lower in the Americas (around 30%) and other regions (around 25%).

IPV by Age

  • IPV prevalence varies slightly by age, but young women experience similar rates as older women.

IPV During Pregnancy

  • Studies show IPV during pregnancy rates range from 1% to 28%.
  • Highest rates were found in Latin America and Africa. Lower rates in Europe and Asia .
  • Physical IPV during pregnancy often involves physical assault to the abdomen (e.g., punching or kicking).

Intimate Partner Homicide

  • Global median percentage of intimate partner homicide is above 13% for female victims; above 38% for female homicides perpetrated by an intimate partner.
  • Median for male homicide is about 6%.
  • High-income countries have a higher number of studies on intimate partner homicide.
  • Prevalence rates are higher in Southeast Asia, high-income countries, and Africa for female partner homicide

Risk and Protective Factors of IPV

  • Risk Factors:

  • Unfavorable gender attitudes (support for wife beating).

  • Young age of the couple.

  • Short relationship duration.

  • High levels of stress.

  • Relationship dissatisfaction.

  • Alcohol use by male partner.

  • Childhood experiences of abuse (in both partners).

  • Lower levels of education.

  • Unemployment.

  • Social isolation / urban setting

  • Protective Factors:

  • Higher levels of education.

  • Employment.

  • Strong social support systems.

  • Positive gender attitudes.

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