Epidemiology Fundamentals Quiz
42 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Health protection is best described as:

  • The promotion of personal hygiene practices within communities.
  • Providing medical care to groups affected by environmental disasters.
  • The protection of populations from threats like infectious diseases, environmental hazards, and chemical or radiological incidents through expert advice and collaboration. (correct)
  • The treatment of individuals after they have contracted an infectious disease.

    • Epidemiology is solely concerned with the study of infectious diseases.

    False (B)

    What is the primary goal of field epidemiology?

    To guide, as quickly as possible, the processes of selecting and implementing interventions to lessen or prevent illness or death when urgent public health problems arise.

    Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states among specified ________.

    <p>populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its description:

    <p>Health Protection = Involves expert advice and collaboration to prevent and mitigate impacts from various threats. Epidemiology = Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in populations. Field Epidemiology = Investigations in response to urgent public health problems with a goal of rapid intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A disease or condition that spreads across regions is known as a _________.

    <p>pandemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three pieces of information required to calculate a rate?

    <p>The number of cases of the illness or condition, the size of the population at risk, and the period during which the rate is calculated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malaria is present in Africa at all times due to the presence of infected mosquitoes. Malaria is _______ in Africa.

    <p>endemic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    R0 and Re are identical measures used for tracking infectious diseases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with the correct examples below:

    <p>Endemic = Chicken Pox Epidemic = Measles outbreak in school Pandemic = COVID-19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infectious diseases can only be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Health protection is a core field of:

    <p>Public health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to a significant burden of ill health globally?

    <p>Communicable diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors contributes to higher morbidity and mortality due to communicable diseases in socio-economically deprived groups?

    <p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Despite a decrease in global mortality and morbidity, high-impact epidemics like Influenza, SARS, Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19 continue to ______.

    <p>emerge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following:

    <p>Higher rates of underlying co-morbidities = Hypertension, obesity, diabetes International Health Regulations = 196 countries Emerging infections = New infections appearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is leading this session in Introduction to Health Protection and Epidemiology?

    <p>Prof. Roberto Vivancos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides direct contact, another mode of transmission for diseases is through:

    <p>An individual's discharges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT illustrate the purpose of epidemiology in public health?

    <p>Providing treatment for patients in clinical settings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epidemiology helps determine the relative importance of causes of illness, disability, and death.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measure can be used to quantify the infectivity of an infectious agent?

    <p>Secondary attack rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease is a measure of the agent's ______.

    <p>pathogenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the epidemiological measure with its corresponding agent characteristic:

    <p>Secondary attack rate = Infectivity Apparent to inapparent infection ratio = Pathogenicity Case fatality ratio = Virulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a key area of focus for epidemiology in public health practice?

    <p>Prescribing medication for individual patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evaluating the effectiveness of health programs and services is outside the scope of epidemiology.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the proportion of infected individuals who die from a specific disease?

    <p>Case fatality ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'point prevalence' refer to?

    <p>The proportion of individuals with the condition at a specified point in time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the term 'prevalence' is used without qualification, it usually means 'lifetime prevalence'.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Latin root of the word 'incidence', and what does it mean?

    <p>incidere, to happen upon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Period prevalence refers to the proportion of individuals with the condition at any time during a ______ time interval.

    <p>specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Point Prevalence = Proportion of individuals with the condition at a specific moment Period Prevalence = Proportion of individuals with the condition during a specific time period Incidence = Rate of new cases in a population over a specific time period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of point prevalence?

    <p>1% of students currently have the flu (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incidence is also known as the incidence rate.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If 3% of students suffer with the flu each month, what type of prevalence does this describe?

    <p>Period prevalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "person-years" represent in epidemiology?

    <p>The total time contributed by all individuals in a study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Studying 20 people for 10 years is equivalent to studying 40 people for 5 years, in terms of person-years.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If 15 new cases of a disease occur in a population of 3000 over a period of 5 years, what is the incidence rate per 1000 person-years?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A disease with high incidence and low prevalence is likely to be ______.

    <p>short-term</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the concepts to their descriptions:

    <p>Incidence = Number of new cases in a specific time period Prevalence = Overall number of existing cases at a given time Person-years = Combined measure of individuals and time observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not affect prevalence?

    <p>Study duration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A high prevalence always indicates a high incidence of a disease.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided content, what is the incidence of tinnitus in music undergraduates (per 1000 person-years)?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Health Protection

    Protection through collaboration to prevent infectious disease and threats.

    Epidemiology

    Study of health distribution and determinants in populations.

    Field Epidemiology

    Investigations triggered by urgent public health issues.

    Determinants of Health

    Factors that influence the health states of populations.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Public Health Interventions

    Actions to prevent or control health problems based on epidemiological findings.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Communicable Diseases

    Infectious diseases that can be transmitted from person to person.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    International Health Regulations

    A global framework to combat health risks that may spread internationally.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Emerging Infections

    New infectious diseases that appear in a population for the first time.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Socio-economic Disparities

    Differences in health outcomes based on socio-economic status.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Morbidity

    The condition of being diseased or the incidence of illness in a population.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Mortality

    The state of being subject to death; death rate in a population.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Co-morbidities

    The presence of one or more additional diseases or conditions alongside a primary disease.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Endemic

    A disease or condition that is present in a population at all times.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Pandemic

    A disease that spreads across regions or continents.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    R0 (Basic reproduction number)

    Average number of cases from a single infected individual in a naïve population.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Re (Effective reproduction number)

    Average number of new cases from an infected individual in a susceptible population.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Rate Calculation

    Determines disease frequency based on cases, population size, and time period.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Agent-Host-Environment

    Framework assessing factors affecting health: agents, hosts, and environment.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Relative Importance

    Evaluating which causes lead to illness, disability, and death.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    At-Risk Populations

    Segments of population most susceptible to specific health issues.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Health Program Evaluation

    Assessing the impact of health initiatives on population health.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Infectivity

    Ability of an agent to spread and cause infection within a population.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Pathogenicity

    Ability of an agent to cause disease in a host.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Virulence

    Severity of disease symptoms caused by a pathogen, often quantified by mortality.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Disease Classification

    Categorizing illnesses based on various characteristics, including cause and transmission.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Person-years

    A measurement combining the number of people observed and the years they were observed.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Incidence Calculation

    Incidence = Number of new cases / Total person-years observed.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Incidence of Tinnitus Example

    1 per 1000 person-years means 6 cases in 6000 person-years.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Norm of Prevalence

    High prevalence indicates a common but not brief condition; low prevalence indicates the opposite.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Factors Affecting Prevalence

    Incidence rate, death rate, recovery rate, and transfer rates influence prevalence.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    High Incidence-High Prevalence

    High incidence with high prevalence often indicates a common condition.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    High Incidence-Low Prevalence

    High incidence but low prevalence typically suggests a rare, short-term condition.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Recovery Rate Impact

    Higher recovery rates can lower the prevalence of an illness over time.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Point Prevalence

    Proportion of individuals with a condition at a specified point in time.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Current Point Prevalence

    1% of students currently have the flu.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Period Prevalence

    Proportion of individuals with a condition during a specified time interval.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Monthly Period Prevalence

    3% of students suffer from flu each month.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Lifetime Prevalence

    Proportion of individuals with a condition at any time during their life.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Incidence Rate

    Rate at which new events (cases) occur in a population over time.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Incidence Example

    100 cases of freshers' flu per 1000 students per year.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Epidemiological Prevalence

    If just ‘prevalence’ is mentioned, it usually refers to point prevalence.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Health Protection and Epidemiology

    • This presentation covers health protection and epidemiology.
    • The presenter, Roberto Vivancos, is a Consultant Epidemiologist and Professor in Public Health at the UK Health Security Agency/Warwick Medical School.
    • The objectives are to understand health protection and epidemiology, communicable diseases and their control, and key epidemiological concepts.

    Communicable Diseases

    • Communicable diseases are transmissible, either directly or indirectly.
    • They are infectious diseases.

    Importance of Communicable Diseases

    • Globally, communicable diseases contribute significantly to ill health.
    • Globally, mortality and morbidity related to communicable diseases has decreased.
    • International health regulations exist in 196 countries.
    • Despite progress, high-impact epidemics (e.g., influenza, SARS, Ebola, Zika, and now Covid-19) continue.
    • The control of previously common diseases allows new ones to emerge.

    Timeline of Emerging Infections

    • A timeline presentation shows emerging infectious diseases since 1998.
    • The timeline visually displays the emergence of a variety of infectious agents and diseases.

    Socio-economic Disparities and Infectious Diseases

    • Developed and developing countries are affected differently by the burden of communicable diseases.
    • Differences in socio-economic conditions exist between continents, countries, and within countries.
    • More socioeconomically deprived groups face higher morbidity and mortality, driven by underlying co-morbidities like hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, and by poor living conditions and employment.
    • COVID-19 has drawn attention to these disparities.

    Disease Burden and GDP Per Capita (2017)

    • A chart displays disease burden due to communicable diseases against GDP per capita.
    • The chart provides insights into the relationship between economic development and the burden of communicable diseases.

    Public Health Domains

    • The presentation outlines three domains of public health.
    • These are health improvement, health protection, and health and social care quality.
    • The presenter will illustrate who performs the roles related to each domain and the duties associated with these roles

    What is Health Protection?

    • Health Protection is a core area of public health work.
    • The focus is on protecting individuals, groups, and populations through expert advice and collaboration.
    • This involves preventing and mitigating the impact of infectious, environmental, chemical, and radiological threats.

    What is Epidemiology?

    • Epidemiology studies the distribution and determinants of health-related states among defined populations.
    • It involves applying these studies to control health problems.

    Field Epidemiology

    • Field epidemiology involves investigations in response to urgent public health problems.
    • Its primary goal is to implement interventions quickly to lessen or prevent illness or death.

    Epidemiology in Public Health Practice

    • Epidemiology in public health practice involves identifying the agent, host, and environmental factors affecting health.
    • It involves determining the relative importance of causes of illness in various segments of the population.
    • Epidemiology also includes evaluating the effectiveness of programs and services to improve population health.

    Process Model

    • The presentation includes a flow-chart model of the epidemiological process. It details the steps required to solve health problems including data collection, assessment, hypothesis testing and intervention.

    Purpose of Epidemiology in Public Health

    • One of the purposes of epidemiology is not to provide treatment for patients in clinical settings. All other options are part of the purpose of epidemiology.

    Delivery- Global Context

    • Global initiatives in public health involve leadership, norms and standards, evidence-based policy, capacity building in technical support, monitoring health, research, and advocacy

    Delivery- Epidemiology in Different Settings

    • The delivery of epidemiology work takes place in several different settings (various countries or organizations)

    The Epidemiological Triad

    • The epidemiological triad illustrates the relationship between agent, host and environment.
    • It suggests a fire analogy where air is the environment; fuel is the host, and heat (infectious agent) is the cause

    Infectious Agents

    • Infectious agents' key characteristics include infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, disease, and incubation period.

    Reservoir of Infectious Diseases

    • Common reservoirs of infectious diseases include humans, animals, soil and water

    Host Factors

    • Host factors include behaviors like sexual practices and hygiene, along with susceptibility and response based on age, gender, ethnicity, genetics, nutrition and health.

    Host Prevention & Control

    • Strategies to prevent and control are related to health education, reducing exposure/risk behaviours, personal protective equipment, handwashing, immunisation treatment, contact screening, isolating those with illness, and prophylaxis.

    Environmental Factors

    • Environmental factors for disease transmission include water supply, sanitation, overcrowding, climate, airflow, humidity and temperature, and availability of health services

    Mode of Transmission

    • Direct transmission can occur through touch, droplets, or contact.
    • Indirect transmission may involve vehicles (food, water) , vectors (animals) or airborne particles

    Innate Defenses against Pathogens

    • Innate defenses protect the body from pathogens via tears, saliva , skin, respiratory tract, mucus, and stomach acid amongst other mechanisms

    Epidemiology Key Terms I

    • An outbreak is an increase in disease or behaviour above expected levels in a defined location and time.
    • A cluster is an unusual grouping of cases in a specified location and timeframe.

    Epidemiology Key Terms II

    • An endemic is a consistent presence of a disease in a population.
    • A pandemic is a widespread disease occurrence across regions.
    • R0 (basic reproduction number) is a calculation of how easily a disease spreads.
    • Re (effective reproduction rate) is how easily a disease spreads considering existing immunity/vaccination rate.

    Over to You...

    • Examples of endemic and pandemic diseases are provided: Malaria (endemic) and Ebola and HIV/AIDS (pandemic).

    Comparing Population Characteristics

    • Using rates helps compare health problems in different populations.
    • This considers variations in health between different groups (e.g., by sex or age).

    Rate Calculation

    • To calculate a rate, the number of cases, the population at risk, and the time period must be considered.

    Scenario: Unexplained Pneumonia

    • A case study of unexplained pneumonia at a veterans’ convention is presented.
    • Key data (deaths and additional cases) are listed by date

    Legionnaires' Disease

    • Data relating to legionnaires' disease, by age group, is provided, including frequency, total size and percentage.

    Prevalence

    • Prevalence is the measure of how common a disease is, including new and old cases.
    • Prevalence can be expressed both as a percentage, or the number of cases per n individual

    Types of Prevalence

    • Point prevalence measures the proportion of individuals with a condition at a specific time.
    • Period prevalence considers the proportion of individuals with a condition during a time interval.
    • Lifetime prevalence refers to the proportion of individuals who experience the condition at least once during their lives.

    Incidence

    • Incidence is the rate of new disease events over a specific time period.
    • Incidence can be expressed per n individuals, or per n 'person-years'.

    Person-Years

    • Person-Years is a measure that combines the number of individuals observed and the duration of observation for each individual.

    Calculating Incidence

    • Calculating incidence requires identifying new cases, the number of people observed, and the observation period..

    Relating Incidence and Prevalence

    • A table connects high and low incidence levels with high and low prevalence for disease conditions

    Factors Affecting Prevalence

    • Factors influencing prevalence include incidence, recovery rates, mortality, and population transfer rates.

    Summary

    • This is a summary slide for the course content. The slides cover health protection and epidemiology aspects of communicable diseases
    • Key terms and epidemiological concepts are covered.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the core concepts of epidemiology, including health protection and the study of infectious diseases. This quiz covers definitions, principles, and important historical aspects of field epidemiology. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand the distribution and determinants of health-related states.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser