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What is the term for a disease that occurs at a steady rate in a specific geographic area?
What is the term for a disease that occurs at a steady rate in a specific geographic area?
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence of a disease?
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence of a disease?
What is the term for a disease that is newly emerging or re-emerging in a population?
What is the term for a disease that is newly emerging or re-emerging in a population?
What is the term for an individual who is infected with a pathogen but does not show symptoms?
What is the term for an individual who is infected with a pathogen but does not show symptoms?
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What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to cause disease?
What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to cause disease?
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What is the term for a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a specific area?
What is the term for a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a specific area?
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What is an example of a viral haemorrhagic fever?
What is an example of a viral haemorrhagic fever?
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What is the term for the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific time period?
What is the term for the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific time period?
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What is the term for a disease that is constantly present, typically in low numbers, in a population?
What is the term for a disease that is constantly present, typically in low numbers, in a population?
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What is the term for an increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in a population?
What is the term for an increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in a population?
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What is the term for a disease that is distributed worldwide?
What is the term for a disease that is distributed worldwide?
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What is the term for the amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community?
What is the term for the amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community?
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What is the term for a reservoir of infection, a source of infectious agents from which susceptible individuals may be infected?
What is the term for a reservoir of infection, a source of infectious agents from which susceptible individuals may be infected?
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What occurs when conditions change in the host, agent, or environment, and an endemic disease becomes epidemic?
What occurs when conditions change in the host, agent, or environment, and an endemic disease becomes epidemic?
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What is the term for the occurrence of cases in excess of what is normally expected in a community or region?
What is the term for the occurrence of cases in excess of what is normally expected in a community or region?
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What is specified when describing an epidemic?
What is specified when describing an epidemic?
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What is the primary method by which diseases such as smallpox, diphtheria, and pertussis have been controlled?
What is the primary method by which diseases such as smallpox, diphtheria, and pertussis have been controlled?
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What is the term for the separation of persons who have an infectious disease from those who are healthy?
What is the term for the separation of persons who have an infectious disease from those who are healthy?
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What type of epidemic is characterized by a rapid increase and decline in cases?
What type of epidemic is characterized by a rapid increase and decline in cases?
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What is the term for a widespread, usually global epidemic?
What is the term for a widespread, usually global epidemic?
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Which of the following is an example of a common vehicle for pathogen dispersal?
Which of the following is an example of a common vehicle for pathogen dispersal?
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What is the goal of concerted disease eradication programs?
What is the goal of concerted disease eradication programs?
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What is the purpose of quarantine?
What is the purpose of quarantine?
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What is the term for the process of transmitting an infectious disease from one person to another?
What is the term for the process of transmitting an infectious disease from one person to another?
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Study Notes
Types of Disease Occurrences
- Endemic disease: constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
- Epidemic: an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
- Pandemic: a widespread, usually global epidemic
Characteristics of Epidemics
- Common-source epidemic: incidence rises sharply to a peak and then declines rapidly, e.g., cholera from contaminated water
- Propagated outbreak: incidence rises relatively slowly as new cases accumulate, usually due to direct person-to-person contact
Disease Control Measures
- Immunization: controlled diseases such as smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, and poliomyelitis
- Isolation: separation of persons with infectious disease from those who are healthy
- Quarantine: separation and restriction of well persons who may have been exposed to an infectious disease
- Pathogen eradication: concerted disease eradication programs can completely eradicate an infectious disease, e.g., smallpox
Disease Scope
- Sporadic cases: occur one at a time in geographically separated areas, suggesting no relation between cases
- Disease outbreak: appearance of a large number of cases in a short time in an area previously experiencing only sporadic or endemic diseases
- Emerging and re-emerging infections: more than 30 previously unknown or formerly well-controlled communicable diseases emerged or re-emerged in the last decades of the 20th century, e.g., HIV/AIDS
Disease Incidence and Prevalence
- Incidence: number of new cases in a population in a given time period, an indicator of infection risk
- Prevalence: total number of new and existing disease cases in a population in a given time period, a snapshot of the extent of a disease in a population at any given time
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Description
Understand the differences between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic diseases, including their distribution and impact on populations.