Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the study of genes in DNA, their functions, and influence on growth and development?
What is the study of genes in DNA, their functions, and influence on growth and development?
What measures the number of deaths in a population?
What measures the number of deaths in a population?
What is the proportion of a population with a specific characteristic at a specific time?
What is the proportion of a population with a specific characteristic at a specific time?
What is the interplay of two or more medical conditions?
What is the interplay of two or more medical conditions?
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What is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people?
What is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people?
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What is the term for differences in health status or distribution of health resources between different population groups?
What is the term for differences in health status or distribution of health resources between different population groups?
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What is a key finding from the Marmot Review?
What is a key finding from the Marmot Review?
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What is a focus of the Acheson Report?
What is a focus of the Acheson Report?
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What is the main goal of the NHS Long Term Plan?
What is the main goal of the NHS Long Term Plan?
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What is a key area of focus in the Core20plus initiative?
What is a key area of focus in the Core20plus initiative?
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What is the primary concern of the Black Report?
What is the primary concern of the Black Report?
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What is the purpose of the Learning, Candour, and Accountability reviews?
What is the purpose of the Learning, Candour, and Accountability reviews?
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Study Notes
Epidemiology
- Branch of medicine that studies the frequency of diseases/illnesses in different groups of people
- Measures health outcomes and trends to inform public health decisions
Morbidity and Mortality
- Morbidity: the presence of disease/illness in a population
- Mortality: measures the number of deaths in a population
Health Measures
- Prevalence: proportion of population with specific characteristics in a specific time (current cases)
- Incidence: measure of new cases that develop over a specific period in a population
- Trends: patterns of disease arrival, spread, and decline
Study Designs
- Cohort studies: longitudinal studies that follow participants over a period
- Demographics: age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status distribution affecting the community
- Genomics: study of genes in DNA, their functions, and influence on growth and development
Co-morbidity and Multi-morbidity
- Co-morbidity: interplay of two medical conditions
- Multi-morbidity: more than 2 chronic medical conditions with no single primary condition
Health Inequalities
- Differences in health status or distribution of health resources between different population groups arising from social conditions
- Social gradient (King's Fund): poorest of the poor have the worst health
Birmingham's Health Profile
- Main causes of death: infant mortality, coronary heart disease, lung cancer, and alcoholic liver disease
- Life expectancy has plateaued after increasing over 10 years
- Infant mortality has the highest incidence in Birmingham
Reports and Policies
- Black Report: poor health is linked to poverty and lack of education
- Acheson Report: focused on vulnerable groups and life expectancy, but recommendations were not cost-effective
- Marmot Review: the more deprived the area, the shorter the life expectancy (north-south divide)
- Leder Report: annual reports on LD and autistic inequalities, highlighting healthcare practitioner actions contributing to inequalities
- NHS Plan: top 10 things that public want from NHS, aiming to end postcode lottery
- NHS Long Term Plan: 10-year plan to change outcomes, with a focus on digital aspects, but mainly for cost-saving
- Learning, Candour, and Accountability: reviews on deaths to improve healthcare outcomes
- Levelling Up: giving people the chance to level up across the country to help manage inequalities, with a focus on core20plus (5 clinical areas)
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Description
Learn about the fundamental concepts in epidemiology, including morbidity, mortality, prevalence, incidence, and trends. Understand how these measures are used to study disease patterns in populations.
