Questions and Answers
What is the study of genes in DNA, their functions, and influence on growth and development?
What measures the number of deaths in a population?
What is the proportion of a population with a specific characteristic at a specific time?
What is the interplay of two or more medical conditions?
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What is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people?
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What is the term for differences in health status or distribution of health resources between different population groups?
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What is a key finding from the Marmot Review?
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What is a focus of the Acheson Report?
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What is the main goal of the NHS Long Term Plan?
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What is a key area of focus in the Core20plus initiative?
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What is the primary concern of the Black Report?
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What is the purpose of the Learning, Candour, and Accountability reviews?
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Study Notes
Epidemiology
- Branch of medicine that studies the frequency of diseases/illnesses in different groups of people
- Measures health outcomes and trends to inform public health decisions
Morbidity and Mortality
- Morbidity: the presence of disease/illness in a population
- Mortality: measures the number of deaths in a population
Health Measures
- Prevalence: proportion of population with specific characteristics in a specific time (current cases)
- Incidence: measure of new cases that develop over a specific period in a population
- Trends: patterns of disease arrival, spread, and decline
Study Designs
- Cohort studies: longitudinal studies that follow participants over a period
- Demographics: age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status distribution affecting the community
- Genomics: study of genes in DNA, their functions, and influence on growth and development
Co-morbidity and Multi-morbidity
- Co-morbidity: interplay of two medical conditions
- Multi-morbidity: more than 2 chronic medical conditions with no single primary condition
Health Inequalities
- Differences in health status or distribution of health resources between different population groups arising from social conditions
- Social gradient (King's Fund): poorest of the poor have the worst health
Birmingham's Health Profile
- Main causes of death: infant mortality, coronary heart disease, lung cancer, and alcoholic liver disease
- Life expectancy has plateaued after increasing over 10 years
- Infant mortality has the highest incidence in Birmingham
Reports and Policies
- Black Report: poor health is linked to poverty and lack of education
- Acheson Report: focused on vulnerable groups and life expectancy, but recommendations were not cost-effective
- Marmot Review: the more deprived the area, the shorter the life expectancy (north-south divide)
- Leder Report: annual reports on LD and autistic inequalities, highlighting healthcare practitioner actions contributing to inequalities
- NHS Plan: top 10 things that public want from NHS, aiming to end postcode lottery
- NHS Long Term Plan: 10-year plan to change outcomes, with a focus on digital aspects, but mainly for cost-saving
- Learning, Candour, and Accountability: reviews on deaths to improve healthcare outcomes
- Levelling Up: giving people the chance to level up across the country to help manage inequalities, with a focus on core20plus (5 clinical areas)
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Description
Learn about the fundamental concepts in epidemiology, including morbidity, mortality, prevalence, incidence, and trends. Understand how these measures are used to study disease patterns in populations.
