Podcast
Questions and Answers
Define Passive surveillance.
Define Passive surveillance.
Routine reporting of disease data by all health institutions with no active surveillance.
What is Epidemiology?
What is Epidemiology?
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.
Who performs Public Health Surveillance?
Who performs Public Health Surveillance?
True or False: Public health surveillance includes all activities except Data dissemination.
True or False: Public health surveillance includes all activities except Data dissemination.
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Can measure frequency of an illness or injury ______, incidence, prevalence, mortality)
Can measure frequency of an illness or injury ______, incidence, prevalence, mortality)
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Match the following epidemiology types with their descriptions:
Match the following epidemiology types with their descriptions:
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From Nationally Notifiable Diseases, select all that apply:
From Nationally Notifiable Diseases, select all that apply:
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True or False: Data dissemination is targeted mainly at public health practitioners.
True or False: Data dissemination is targeted mainly at public health practitioners.
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What age group is generally affected by malignant disease?
What age group is generally affected by malignant disease?
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Which blood group is more at risk of cancer stomach?
Which blood group is more at risk of cancer stomach?
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Tobacco use is the single most important preventable cause of death and disease in many societies. Cigarette smokers have an approximately 30-80% greater mortality ratio than non-smokers and excess mortality with ______ cigarette smoking.
Tobacco use is the single most important preventable cause of death and disease in many societies. Cigarette smokers have an approximately 30-80% greater mortality ratio than non-smokers and excess mortality with ______ cigarette smoking.
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Direct costs of tobacco smoking are due to indirect health care expenditure on smoking health effects.
Direct costs of tobacco smoking are due to indirect health care expenditure on smoking health effects.
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What is epidemiology?
What is epidemiology?
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The epidemiological triad or triangle consists of Agent, Host, and __________.
The epidemiological triad or triangle consists of Agent, Host, and __________.
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What are the primary prevention measures for healthy individuals?
What are the primary prevention measures for healthy individuals?
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Chemoprophylaxis provides long-term protection.
Chemoprophylaxis provides long-term protection.
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Match the following risk factors of Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) with their descriptions:
Match the following risk factors of Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Surveillance
- Surveillance is an ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health problems.
- Types of surveillance:
- Passive surveillance: routine reporting of disease data by all health institutions, no active search for cases.
- Active surveillance: active disease surveillance by state or local authority, contacting healthcare providers, laboratories, schools, nursing homes, workplaces, etc.
- Sentinel surveillance: monitoring of the rate of occurrence of specific diseases and conditions.
- Rumor surveillance: not related to official sources of information.
- Syndromic surveillance: a system that uses pre-diagnostic data to identify patterns of illness.
- Laboratory-based surveillance: uses laboratory data to detect and track diseases.
Epidemiology
- Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems.
- Varieties of epidemiology:
- Microbial epidemiology: biology and ecology of pathogenic microorganisms, their lifecycles, and interactions with human and non-human hosts.
Disease Notification
- Disease notification is the collection of reports of cases of illness required by law, which include information on symptoms, demographic characteristics, and key risk factors.
- Importance of disease notification: provides data for disease surveillance and control.
Public Health Surveillance
- Performs public health surveillance:
- Epidemiologists
- Medical professionals (doctors, nurses, clinics)
- Pharmacies
- Health insurance providers
- Emergency responders
- Public health surveillance aims to understand existing and emerging infectious and non-infectious diseases.
- Objectives of public health surveillance:
- To assess the burden of disease on the community
- To evaluate the effectiveness of intervention or program
- To monitor trends, prevalence, geographical spread, and outbreaks
Priorities of Public Health Surveillance
- Frequency (incidence, prevalence, mortality)
- Severity (case-fatality, hospitalization rate, disability rate, years of life lost)
- Cost (direct and indirect)
- Preventability
- Communicability
- Public interest
Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveillance
- Advantages of passive surveillance: less expensive, covers wide areas (whole countries)
- Disadvantages of passive surveillance: difficult to ensure completeness and timeliness of data
- Advantages of active surveillance: provides complete and better quality of health data
Case Definition and Reporting
- Case definition: a set of standard criteria for classifying whether a person has a syndrome or other health condition
- Case definition includes: person, place, time
- Ensures same criteria of case definition are used by all
Data Interpretation and Dissemination
- Data interpretation: closely coupled with data analysis
- Data dissemination: target audiences for public health practitioners, clinicians, and other healthcare providers
Notifiable Diseases
- Internationally notifiable diseases: COVID-19, plague, yellow fever, cholera
- Nationally notifiable diseases: malaria, salmonellosis, shigellosis, typhoid fever, legionellosis
Definition of Health
- Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or infirmity.
Epidemiology
- Epidemiology is the study of the distribution, determinants, and dynamics of diseases or health conditions in a defined population.
- The epidemiological triad or triangle consists of ecological factors: Agent, Host, and Environment.
Levels of Prevention
- Primary prevention: measures to prevent the occurrence of disease, such as chemoprophylaxis.
Modes of Transmission
- Droplet (Air-borne) infection: through airborne droplet nuclei or dust, contaminated articles, and fomites.
- Food-borne infection: through contaminated food and water.
- Contact infection: through direct or indirect contact with an infected person or contaminated articles.
- Arthropod-borne infection: through vectors like mosquitoes and ticks.
- Occasional modes of transmission: injection (parenteral) infection, lactation (breast feeding), and vertically transmitted infections.
Vaccination Schedule
- At birth: Oral Polio and BCG vaccines.
- At 2 months: Oral Polio, Penta vaccine, and HBV-1 vaccines.
- At 4 months: Oral Polio, Penta vaccine, and Salk (Injectable polio vaccine).
- At 6 months: Oral Polio, Penta vaccine, and Vit-A capsule.
- At 9 months: Oral Polio, MMR vaccine, and Vit-A capsule.
- At 12 months: Oral Polio, MMR vaccine, and Vit-A capsule.
Disadvantages of Chemoprophylaxis
- Temporary protection as it is effective only during the use of the drug.
- Highly expensive in relation to value and protection (cost/benefit).
- Drug toxicity and resistance with prolonged use.
- Drug allergy, such as in the case of penicillin.
- Suppresses the immune response as it kills the antigen and normal intestinal flora.
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)
- Also known as the black plague of recent centuries due to high morbidity and mortality rates.
- Risks factors include:
- Unmodifiable risk factors: Genetic susceptibility, Race, and Social standard.
- Modifiable risk factors: Hypertension, Smoking, Dyslipidemia, Dietary habits, Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, Physical inactivity, Emotional stress, and Hyperuricemia.
Cancer
- Is a major public health problem due to high morbidity and mortality rates.
- Types of carcinogens:
- Physical: Radiation exposure, UV radiation.
- Chemical: Tobacco, Hormones, Dietary chemicals, Air pollutants, and others.
- Biological: Viral infection, Bacterial infection, and Parasitic infection.
- Host factors:
- Genetic factor: Abnormal gene, Genetic disorders.
- Age: Cancer affects older ages, usually over 40 years.
- Sex: Primary cancer of non-sexual sites shows higher male mortality.
- Familial: Sharing the same environment and genetic susceptibility.
- ABO Blood Group: Group A is more at-risk of stomach cancer.
- Urban/Rural: Higher urban than rural incidence of many cancers.
Rheumatic Heart Disease
- Major criteria: Not specified in the text.
Hazards of Tobacco Smoking
- Hyper mortality (↑mortality rate): Cigarette smokers have an approximately 30-80% greater mortality ratio than non-smokers.
- Cardiovascular diseases: Coronary heart disease, Peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and Cerebrovascular diseases.
- Economic Impact:
- Direct costs: Direct health care expenditure on smoking health effects.
- Indirect costs: Lost productivity and earning capacity of smokers due to excess morbidity, disability, and premature mortality.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of epidemiology, passive surveillance, and active surveillance. Learn about the importance of disease surveillance and its applications in public health.
