Epidemiologic Models and The Causal Pie Model Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which statement best describes the purpose of comparing disease occurrence during different periods of time?

  • To determine the absolute disease occurrence in a population
  • To identify factors that place some persons at greater risk
  • To compare the frequency of disease based on population size
  • To identify trends in disease occurrence over time (correct)

What is the primary objective of identifying persons in a community at increased risk for a disease?

  • To establish the morbidity rate in the community
  • To initiate targeted interventions for at-risk individuals (correct)
  • To compare disease occurrence in different areas
  • To determine the overall health status of the community

Which rate specifically focuses on the number of deaths in a population?

  • Attack rate
  • Morbidity rate
  • Maternal mortality rate
  • Mortality rate (correct)

What is the main goal of epidemiology regarding disease causation?

<p>To identify factors that increase disease risk in certain individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept best explains why diseases are more likely to occur in some members of a population than others?

<p>Non-random distribution of risk factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating rates in epidemiology?

<p>Rate = number of cases / (unit of time x size of population at risk) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Y' represent in the context of calculating rates in epidemiology?

<p>Number of persons exposed to the risk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiology, what does 'K' typically represent in the formula for calculating rates?

<p>Some round number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are counts sometimes converted into rates in epidemiology?

<p>To better understand the data by accounting for population size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of relating the number of cases to the population size in epidemiology?

<p>To estimate the rate of occurrence per unit population at risk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Epidemiologic Triad model, what are the three components involved in the simplest traditional model for infectious disease?

<p>Agent, host, environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an agent according to the Epidemiologic Triad model?

<p>Social and psychologic stressors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the environment component of the Epidemiologic Triad model mainly influence?

<p>Transmission of diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Epidemiologic Triad model, what does 'vector' refer to?

<p>A mode of disease transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the relationship between an agent and a susceptible host within the Epidemiologic Triad model?

<p>Pathogenic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of extrinsic factors in the context of the Epidemiologic Triad model?

<p>Opportunity for exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an epidemic pattern with mixed outbreak features, what are the characteristics?

<p>Features of both common source outbreak and propagated outbreak (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is mandatory reporting required for notifiable diseases?

<p>To track disease occurrence and identify possible outbreaks early (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of notifiable diseases must be notified within 24 hours?

<p>Class 1 diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the attack rate measure in an at-risk population?

<p>The speed of spread or frequency of morbidity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions may lead to zoonotic and vector-borne outbreaks?

<p>Insufficient infection in host species, presence of vectors, and human-vector interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of counting and distribution of a disease in the context of notifiable diseases?

<p>To track disease occurrence and facilitate timely prevention measures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Web of Causation model emphasizes the idea of what?

<p>Multiple causes of diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Beings Model of Disease Causation, which of the following is NOT considered a factor in causing diseases?

<p>Psychological (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Causal Pie Model define as a 'Necessary cause'?

<p>A condition that must be present for an event to occur in all cases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model explains when and why biological factors have an effect by focusing on sufficient, component, and necessary causes?

<p>Causal Pie Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The shift in thinking about disease causation involves what concept?

<p>Multiple causes of diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The final link in the chain of infection according to the Epidemiologic Triad model is:

<p>Susceptible host (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Disease Trend Comparison

Analyzing disease occurrence changes over time to spot patterns.

High-Risk Individuals Identification

Finding people in a community more likely to get a disease.

Mortality Rate

Deaths per population, measured over time.

Disease Causation

Finding what factors increase the risk of a disease.

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Non-Random Risk Factor Distribution

Certain people are more prone to getting diseases than others.

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Epidemiology Rate Formula

Cases divided by population at risk, over time.

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Exposed Persons (Epidemiology)

Number of persons exposed to a specific risk.

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Arbitrary 'K' (Epidemiology)

A standardized number, usually for rate calculation.

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Rate Conversion Significance

Using rates to understand disease occurrence, considering population size.

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Population Size Relevance

The need to relate cases to the population to get a true idea of disease frequency.

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Epidemiologic Triad

Agent, host, and environment factors influencing disease.

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Non-Agent Triad Factor

Stressors not considered part of the disease's cause in the context of the triad model.

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Environment's Role (Triad)

Environment's role in disease transmission.

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Vector (Triad)

Agent of disease transmission.

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Pathogenic Relationship (Triad)

Interaction of an agent and host susceptible to diseases.

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Extrinsic Factors (Epidemiology)

External factors that create opportunity for diseases to occur.

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Mixed Outbreak Characteristics

An outbreak that combines features of both the common source and propagated epidemics.

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Notifiable Disease

Diseases whose cases need to be reported.

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Class 1 Notifiable Diseases

Urgent reporting within 24 hours, critical for outbreak tracking.

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Attack Rate

Frequency of disease in an at-risk population.

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Zoonotic/Vector-Borne Outbreaks

Outbreaks relating to animal-to-human or vector-borne transmission.

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Counting & Distribution Importance

Studying the count and distribution of notifiable diseases to aid timely intervention and prevention.

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Web of Causation

Multiple factors contribute to a disease.

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Beings Model of Disease Causation

Model that categorizes the factors involved in causing disease, excluding factors like psychology.

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Necessary Cause (Causal Pie)

A condition that must be present for an event to occur.

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Causal Pie Model

Model of disease causation that classifies causes into sufficient, component, and necessary.

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Shift in Disease Causation

Moving from the idea of a single cause to multiple factors causing diseases.

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Final Link (Triad)

A susceptible host is the final element in the triad model for infection.

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Study Notes

Rates

  • A rate is a measure that relates the number of cases (counts) during a specified point in time or period of time to the size of the population at risk
  • Formula: Rate = number of cases / unit of time (K) / size of population at risk
  • K is a multiplier (e.g. 100, 1000, 10,000) depending on the magnitude of x and y
  • Rates are used to compare the frequency of disease in different areas, during different periods of time, and to identify persons at increased risk

Types of Rates

  • Birth rate
  • Morbidity rate
  • Attack rate
  • Mortality rate
  • Infant mortality rate
  • Maternal mortality rate

Disease Occurrence

  • Diseases and health events do not occur randomly in a population
  • Epidemiology is used to identify factors that place some persons at greater risk than others

Disease Causation

  • Epidemiologic triad: agent (external), host (susceptible), and environment (brings host and agent together)
  • Web of causation: incorporates the idea of multiple causes of diseases
  • BEINGS model: addresses risk factors and preventable causes of diseases (Biologic, Environmental, Immunologic, Nutritional, Genetic, Services, social, spiritual)
  • The Causal Pie Model: explains when and why biological factors (component causes) have an effect (Sufficient cause, Component cause, Necessary cause)

Epidemic Pattern

  • Types of Epidemic Curves
  • Mixed Outbreak: features of both common source outbreak and propagated outbreak
  • Zoonotic and vector-borne outbreaks

Notifiable Diseases

  • Diseases considered to pose a threat to society, therefore, of great public health importance
  • Mandatory reporting required on suspicion or diagnosis
  • Allows for counting and distribution of the disease, tracking of disease occurrence and identifying possible outbreaks early, and implementing prevention and control measures in a timely manner

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Epidemiologic Approach & Disease Occurrence PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on epidemiologic models like the Epidemiologic Triad, Web of Causation, BEINGS model, and The Causal Pie Model. This quiz covers the basic concepts of infectious disease transmission and key components of different models.

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