Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the epidemiological triad in relation to infectious diseases?
What is the primary focus of the epidemiological triad in relation to infectious diseases?
Which statement best describes the concept of morbidity in epidemiology?
Which statement best describes the concept of morbidity in epidemiology?
Which of the following is a primary method for enhancing environmental factors to control infectious diseases?
Which of the following is a primary method for enhancing environmental factors to control infectious diseases?
How do asymptomatic spreaders contribute to the dynamics of infectious diseases?
How do asymptomatic spreaders contribute to the dynamics of infectious diseases?
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Which of the following best describes the role of nursing in infection control?
Which of the following best describes the role of nursing in infection control?
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What key factor influences the seasonality of influenza transmission?
What key factor influences the seasonality of influenza transmission?
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Which of the following strategies is most effective for improving vaccination rates among vulnerable populations?
Which of the following strategies is most effective for improving vaccination rates among vulnerable populations?
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What is the importance of reporting infectious disease cases to public health authorities?
What is the importance of reporting infectious disease cases to public health authorities?
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Study Notes
Infectious Disease Epidemiology
- The course is NURS 1116
- Objectives include defining key terms related to epidemiology and infectious diseases
- Objectives also include understanding basic principles of infectious disease transmission
- Objectives further include identifying common infectious diseases and their epidemiological characteristics
- Objectives also include discussing the role of nursing in the prevention and control of infectious diseases.
Key Terms Review
- Incidence and prevalence
- Morbidity and mortality
- Endemic, epidemic, and pandemic
Epidemiological Triad
- Host
- Agent
- Environment
Agent, Pathogen
- Characteristics include toxicity, virulence, infectivity, susceptibility to antibiotics, ability to survive outside the body
- Interventions include eradication and genetic modification
Host
- Characteristics include age, prior exposure, susceptibility, co-infection, immune response
- Interventions include treating, isolating, immunizing, nutrition, educating and altering exposures
Environment
- Characteristics include climate, physical structures, population density, social structure, housing quality, sanitation, water, and preventive services
- Interventions include removing breeding grounds and improving sanitation
Application of the Triad
- Intervention strategies include improving vaccination and health education (host)
- Intervention strategies include developing new treatments or vaccines (agent)
- Intervention strategies include enhancing sanitation and access to healthcare (environment)
Transmission of Infectious Diseases
- Modes of transmission
- Direct vs. indirect transmission
Direct Transmission
- Occurs through physical contact, kissing, sexual intercourse, or droplet contact
- Examples include athlete's foot, impetigo, cytomegalovirus (CMV), mononucleosis, bacterial meningitis, chickenpox, influenza, tuberculosis, and measles.
- Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, and syphilis are also transmitted directly.
Indirect Transmission
- Occurs through indirect contact with contaminated soil or surfaces, contaminated food or water, vectors or insects, or airborne particles
- Vehicle-borne transmission involves contaminated food or water
- Vector-borne transmission is facilitated by an organism such as an insect that transmits the infectious agent from source to host.
- Airborne transmission occurs through dust or droplet nuclei transferring the infectious agent.
Transmission Factors
- Host factors (e.g., age, immunity)
- Agent factors (e.g., virulence, infectivity)
- Environmental factors (e.g., sanitation, climate)
Common Infectious Diseases
- Bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections
- Examples include influenza, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and hepatitis
COVID-19
- Key transmission dynamics include person-to-person transmission, asymptomatic spread, super spreader events, and variant emergence
Influenza
- Key factors in transmission dynamics include airborne transmission, viral mutation, and seasonality
Epidemiological Characteristics
- Incidence and prevalence rates
- Risk factors and vulnerable populations
- Global and local trends
Prevention and Control Measures
- Vaccination
- Screening and early detection
- Public health initiatives (e.g., education, sanitation)
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
- A graphic shows spread of disease among a population based on immunization rates. A high immunization rate stops spread.
Role of Nursing in Infectious Disease Control
- Nursing responsibilities include patient education on infection prevention
- Nursing responsibilities include implementing and adhering to infection control protocols (e.g., hand hygiene, PPE)
- Surveillance and reporting of cases to public health authorities is important.
- Role in outbreak investigations and responses
- Community engagement
- Advocating for vaccination and public health resources
- Collaborating with multidisciplinary teams
Identifying Epidemics
- Surveillance of reportable diseases using the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System
- Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) data
- Influenza-like illness surveillance network (ILINet) and weekly influenza surveillance reports (FluView)
Infectious Diseases and Their Impact on Nursing Practice
- Infection control practices
- Patient education
- Public health advocacy
- Surveillance and reporting
- Emotional and psychological impact
- Adaptability and continuous learning
- Multidisciplinary collaboration
Activity
- Instructions to work in groups, read a case study and answer discussion questions (separate handout) are provided.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in infectious disease epidemiology, focusing on definitions, transmission principles, and the role of nursing in disease prevention and control. It includes key terms such as incidence, prevalence, and epidemiological triad components. Prepare to test your knowledge on the characteristics of agents and hosts in infectious diseases.
