Eosinophilia and Cardiac Disease Quiz

High levels of eosinophils in the blood, often causing tissue damage due to the release of inflammatory mediators like eosinophil cationic protein and major basic protein.

Fatigue, muscle aches, fevers, itching, skin swelling, diarrhea, and coughing are common symptoms.

Heart, nervous system, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin are common affected tissues.

Myeloid HES involves a suspected or confirmed eosinophilic cancer, often with specific gene mutations.

Lymphocytic HES involves abnormal T-cells that produce substances that trigger eosinophil overproduction.

Overlap HES describes cases with features similar to other eosinophilic disorders, making it a difficult diagnostic category.

Associated HES occurs in the context of specific conditions like infections, cancers, or hypersensitivity reactions.

Familial HES occurs in multiple family members, excluding associated HES, suggesting a genetic predisposition.

An absolute eosinophil count (AEC) greater than 0.45 x 10^9 / L.

An AEC greater than or equal to 1.5 x 10^9 / L.

The WHO definition requires an AEC greater than 1.5 x 10^9 / L for at least 6 months, evidence of end-organ manifestations, and exclusion of reactive HE, lymphocytic variant HES, CEL-NOS, WHO-defined malignancies.

This definition requires an AEC greater than 1.5 x 10^9 / L on two separate examinations at least one month apart or tissue HE, organ damage or dysfunction attributable to tissue HE, and exclusion of other conditions as the primary cause for organ damage.

A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, cough, and shortness of breath due to inflammation in the lungs caused by a reaction to Aspergillus fungus.

A lung condition characterized by inflammation and infiltration of eosinophils in the lung tissue, resulting in coughing, shortness of breath, and sometimes fever.

A condition affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation caused by an accumulation of eosinophils in the gut wall.

A rare inflammatory disorder causing vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) and granulomas (collections of inflammatory cells) in various organs, particularly the lungs and respiratory system.

Disorders involving elevated eosinophil counts that are caused by other underlying conditions.

HES with no known underlying cause.

HES caused by a clone of eosinophils.

A type of HES characterized by a large number of lymphocytes (another type of white blood cell) alongside eosinophils, often associated with cytokine involvement.

HES caused by a genetic predisposition.

A type of imaging that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the heart, helpful in detecting structural abnormalities and problems with heart function.

A type of imaging that uses sound waves to create moving images of the heart, useful in assessing heart size, shape, and function.

Enlarged spleen, a common finding in HES, suggesting immune system involvement.

A type of scan that uses radioactive tracer to evaluate the whole body, particularly useful in detecting lymph node involvement and other signs of HES.

A test that measures the level of a protein released by eosinophils, often elevated in HES.

A blood test that measures the number of eosinophils in the blood, a key indicator of HES.

A type of biopsy that examines bone marrow, crucial in identifying the type and cause of HES.

A genetic test that identifies specific gene mutations implicated in certain types of HES, crucial for personalized treatment.

A blood test to determine the presence of a specific type of white blood cell (lymphocytes) that's abnormally multiplying. This is common in LHES, certain lymphomas, and some types of leukemia.

This technique uses fluorescent antibodies to identify different types of cells in blood, helping to determine the presence of abnormal lymphocyte populations, which is common in LHES.

Abnormal eosinophils, presence of other blood cell lineages, and myeloid precursors can suggest MHES (Hypereosinophilic Syndrome with Myeloid Features).

Increased serum IgE levels may indicate a number of conditions like LHES, EGPA (Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis), parasitic infections, and some immune deficiencies.

Elevated serum IgM levels are a feature of LHES (Lymphocytic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome) and episodic angioedema and eosinophilia.

Elevated serum tryptase levels are almost always present in PDGFRA and KIT-associated diseases.

Elevated serum B12 levels can be seen in many myeloid neoplasms.

These tests evaluate the function of organs affected by the disease, such as the liver.

A test used to detect the presence of a specific genetic mutation associated with certain types of cancer, including some eosinophil-related disorders.

A blood test that measures the number of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in a blood sample.

The use of high doses of corticosteroids to suppress the immune system.

A treatment for hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) that involves injecting a protein that stimulates the immune system to fight the disease.

A medical imaging technique that uses X-rays to create detailed images of internal organs and structures, particularly useful in assessing organ size and abnormalities.

A procedure where a small sample of bone marrow is extracted and examined under a microscope to assess the number and types of cells present.

Prednisone is the primary treatment for severe or life-threatening cases of HES.

Imatinib is used for HES patients suspected of having a myeloid neoplasm, while cyclophosphamide is used for patients with features of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA).

Biologics like mepolizumab and reslizumab target eosinophils, decreasing their numbers in blood and tissues.

While effective in many cases, long-term use of corticosteroids can cause side effects and resistance.

Most HES patients respond well to corticosteroids, except those with myeloid HES.

Hydroxyurea and interferon alpha are used as second-line therapy for HES.

The use of biologics for acute HES is debatable, requiring further research.

Eosinophil-targeting biologics are designed to reduce eosinophil levels in the blood and tissues by interfering with critical pathways involved in their survival, activation, and recruitment.