Questions and Answers
What type of macromolecule are enzymes?
What are enzymes?
Proteins that act as biological catalysts
What are catalysts?
A substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the ______.
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What do enzymes do to the activation energy?
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What do enzymes do in chemical reactions?
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What is an enzyme-substrate complex?
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What is the energy needed for a reaction?
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What two environmental conditions can affect the activity of an enzyme?
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Which factors affect enzymatic reactions?
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What is the optimal pH that this enzyme functions at?
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What is the optimal temperature that this enzyme functions at?
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What happens when the pH is 2?
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What is the optimal pH for intestinal protease?
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What is the optimal pH for gastric protease?
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What enzyme works best in a very acidic environment?
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What is a monomer of protein?
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What are the elements of proteins?
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What are examples of protein in food?
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What are functions of proteins?
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What is a monomer?
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What are polymers?
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What are the denaturation and renaturation of a protein?
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What is a nucleotide made up of?
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What are the different types of proteins?
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What is regulatory protein?
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What is transport protein?
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What is structural protein?
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What is protective protein?
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What are the elements of nucleic acids?
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What are two types of nucleic acids?
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What is the function of nucleic acids?
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What do most enzymes end with?
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Study Notes
Enzymes Overview
- Enzymes are proteins that serve as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.
- Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
- Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions to occur.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
- Enzymes provide a specific site where reactants (substrates) can be brought together to facilitate reactions.
Environmental Impact on Enzymes
- Enzyme activity is affected by various factors including ionic conditions, pH values, substrate concentration, and temperature.
- Optimal pH for most enzymes is around 7.5, while specific enzymes have different optimal pH levels:
- Intestinal Protease: pH 9
- Gastric Protease: pH 3
- Optimal temperature for many enzymes, including those in human body, is 37 degrees Celsius.
- Extreme pH or temperature can lead to enzyme denaturation, altering their function.
Protein Basics
- Proteins are made of amino acids, which are their monomers.
- Key elements found in proteins include nitrogen, calcium, iron, and zinc.
- Common dietary sources of proteins include eggs, beans, milk, and cheese.
Functions of Proteins
- Proteins are essential for the function and support of body tissues and organs.
- Different types of proteins serve specific roles:
- Regulatory: Control reaction rates in the body.
- Transport: Distribute nutrients throughout the body.
- Structural: Form various parts of the body.
- Protective: Create structures that protect the body.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, consist of elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- Their primary function is to store and transmit genetic information.
Protein and Enzyme Properties
- Most enzymes' names end with the suffix "ase," indicating their function.
- Denaturing factors for proteins include extreme temperature and pH changes.
Additional Concepts
- Polymers are large molecules formed by joining two or more monomers, while monomers are the smallest units of these large molecules.
- Nucleotides, the building blocks of nucleic acids, are composed of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
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Test your knowledge of enzymes with these flashcards that cover their definitions, functions, and roles as catalysts. Perfect for biology students looking to understand the fundamentals of enzyme chemistry.
