Chapter 5 Chapter Summary_ MB

What is the primary function of enzymes in metabolism?

Which process involves the breakdown of nutrients for energy?

Where is energy stored in metabolism?

Which process involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy?

What type of reaction is involved in assembling larger molecules using precursor metabolites and energy?

Which pathway involves the breakdown of lipids?

What is the main function of cellular respiration?

What are the building blocks for metabolism?

What is formed when two remaining carbons from pyruvic acid join coenzyme A?

How many molecules of CO2 are produced when two molecules of acetyl-CoA enter the citric acid cycle?

Which cycle is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle?

How many types of enzyme reactions take place in the citric acid cycle?

Where do electron transport chains primarily occur in eukaryotes?

What process results in the synthesis of ATP during electron transport?

How many molecules of FADH2 are formed for every two molecules of acetyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle?

What type of molecules do most organisms get electrons from for the electron transport chain?

What is the process of breaking down nutrient molecules in a series of steps known as?

Which type of reactions release energy and often produce precursor metabolites for anabolic pathways?

What happens to a molecule that is an electron acceptor in a redox reaction?

What are the three electron carrier molecules often required in metabolic pathways?

What molecule stores energy in the high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP?

In which type of reaction does a molecule lose an electron and is said to be oxidized?

What is the name of the molecule where free electrons are carried from one site to another?

When a molecule gains an electron, what is it said to undergo?

What is the combination of apoenzyme and its cofactors called?

Which molecules functioning as catalysts are called ribozymes?

What type of ribozymes catalyze the actual protein synthesis reactions of ribosomes?

What does the induced-fit model describe in enzyme-substrate interactions?

What factors can influence the rate of enzymatic reactions?

How can enzymes be affected by physical and chemical factors such as temperature and pH?

What is the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction known as?

In catabolism, how does an enzyme act on a substrate?

How many ATP molecules are theoretically yielded from the aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose?

Which pathway yields fewer ATP molecules than the Embden-Meyerhof pathway but generates precursor metabolites not produced in glycolysis?

What is the essential function of fermentation?

Which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in fermentation when final electron acceptors for complete cellular respiration are unavailable?

Which pathway breaks down glucose and produces precursor metabolites and NADPH required for the synthesis of nucleotides, steroids, and fatty acids?

Which bacteria use the Entner-Doudoroff pathway for catabolism of glucose?

What is the function of the citric acid cycle in aerobic respiration?

In cellular respiration, which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in redox reactions?

What is the process called when a molecule loses an electron and is said to be oxidized?

Which type of reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules?

What is the series of steps called when nutrient molecules are broken down in metabolism?

Which process concentrates energy from nutrients into high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP?

What are the three electron carrier molecules often required in metabolic pathways?

Which type of reaction involves the synthesis of macromolecules using ATP energy?

What is the main difference between control of gene expression and control of metabolic expression?

Which regulatory mechanism involves producing enzymes only in the presence of their substrate?

How do cells regulate chemical concentrations through channel and transporter proteins?

What is the purpose of catabolizing metabolites to produce lots of energy?

In eukaryotic cells, where are metabolic processes primarily separated?

Which mechanism involves modifying enzyme function through binding at sites other than the active site?

How is the availability of cofactors regulated in metabolic pathways?

Why is feedback inhibition an important regulatory mechanism in cells?

Which stage of glycolysis involves the splitting of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid?

During glycolysis, how many molecules of ATP are invested and how many are produced?

Which molecule is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis?

What is the main difference between oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation?

Where can pyruvate from glycolysis be directed depending on the availability of final electron acceptors?

What is the first stage of cellular respiration that involves the synthesis of acetyl-CoA?

Which category of enzymes is responsible for rearranging atoms in a molecule?

How many stages does cellular respiration involve?

What is the role of apoenzymes in enzyme structure?

Which type of cofactor includes ions like iron, magnesium, zinc, or copper?

What characterizes substrate-level phosphorylation?

What is the primary criterion for naming enzymes?

Which type of enzymes are composed of both apoenzymes and nonprotein cofactors?

In which type of reaction do ligases or polymerases enzymes play a crucial role?

What is the primary function of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle in aerobic respiration?

What is the main function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

Which process involves the synthesis of ATP through the movement of protons across a membrane?

What is the primary role of acetyl-CoA in cellular respiration?

Which statement best describes the energy production during the citric acid cycle?

Which type of enzyme reaction is NOT directly involved in the citric acid cycle?

What characterizes the electron transport chain in terms of energy production?

What is the key role of coenzyme A in cellular respiration?

What are the precursor metabolites derived from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle used for in nucleotide biosynthesis?

How do catabolic and anabolic pathways interact based on the text?

In what way can amphibolic reactions be described based on the provided information?

Which amino acids are involved in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines according to the text?

What is the role of ribose 5-phosphate in nucleotide biosynthesis?

How does energy released in catabolic reactions contribute to anabolic reactions?

What is the source of phosphate groups required for nucleotide biosynthesis according to the text?

What is the main function of folic acid in nucleotide biosynthesis?

What is the term for the amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction?

What is the net gain of ATP molecules during glycolysis?

What is the role of ribozymes in eukaryotic cells?

Which stage of glycolysis involves the splitting of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid?

Which model describes the phenomenon where the active site of an enzyme changes shape upon substrate binding?

What is the primary function of citric acid (Krebs) cycle in cellular respiration?

In enzyme-substrate specificity, what determines the compatibility between the enzyme's active site and the substrate?

Which factors can influence the rate of enzymatic reactions?

During glycolysis, what is the total number of ATP molecules involved in energy conservation steps?

What process may occur if enzymes are denatured by extreme pH or temperature changes?

Where can pyruvate be directed depending on the availability of final electron acceptors?

'Apoenzyme' combined with organic cofactors forms:

What is the first stage of cellular respiration that involves the synthesis of acetyl-CoA?

'Ribosomal ribozymes' primarily catalyze:

Which metabolic pathway leads to the production of acetyl-coenzyme A from pyruvic acid?

What is the total number of NADH molecules produced during glycolysis?

What is the process called when the flow of ions down an electrochemical gradient across a membrane is used to synthesize ATP?

Which molecule functions as the final electron acceptor in redox reactions during aerobic respiration?

What is the primary function of flavoproteins in the electron transport system?

What is the electrochemical gradient of protons with potential energy known as?

In anaerobic respiration, what molecules are commonly used as final electron acceptors?

Which enzyme synthesizes ATP in both oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation?

What is the key aspect of chemiosmosis regarding the synthesis of ATP?

What is the role of metal-containing proteins in the electron transport system?

What is a key characteristic of gluconeogenesis?

How are triglycerides (fats) synthesized?

What is the process involved in synthesizing waxes like mycolic acid?

How are essential amino acids obtained?

What is the main characteristic of steroids synthesis?

What is the primary difference between gluconeogenesis and lipid biosynthesis?

What is the process by which some amino acids are synthesized using the amine group from ammonia?

What is the source of most essential amino acids for organisms?

What is the net gain of NADH molecules during glycolysis?

Which stage of glycolysis involves energy investment through ATP consumption?

During cellular respiration, what is the first stage after glycolysis?

How many steps are involved in the lysis phase of glycolysis?

What determines whether pyruvate is directed to the citric acid cycle or fermentation reactions?

Which metabolic pathway follows glycolysis if pyruvate is directed to fermentation?

What is the total net gain of ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose undergoing glycolysis?

In which phase of glycolysis does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

Which type of reactions involve the transfer of electrons?

What is the primary function of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in metabolic pathways?

During which process is energy from nutrient bonds concentrated in the high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP?

What happens to a molecule when it is said to be reduced in a redox reaction?

What role do ribozymes play in cells?

What is the characteristic of exergonic reactions?

Which enzyme is involved in adding inorganic phosphate to molecules during phosphorylation?

What do free electrons carry from one site to another in metabolic pathways?

What is the main difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration with respect to electron acceptors?

What is the function of chemiosmosis in the context of the electron transport chain?

Which of the following molecules is NOT a carrier molecule in the electron transport system?

What is the primary role of metal-containing proteins in the electron transport system?

What is the purpose of a proton motive force created during chemiosmosis?

How many molecules of ATP are synthesized during chemiosmosis from the oxidation of 10 molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH2?

What type of gradient is utilized by chemiosmosis to synthesize ATP?

Which pathway for the catabolism of glucose yields fewer ATP molecules than the Embden-Meyerhof pathway but generates precursor metabolites not produced in glycolysis?

What is the essential function of fermentation in cellular respiration?

Which pathway breaks down glucose during a process that produces precursor metabolites and NADPH required for the synthesis of nucleotides, steroids, and fatty acids?

What is the net theoretical yield of ATP molecules from the aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose via glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation when complete cellular respiration electron acceptors are unavailable?

Which process involves the partial oxidation of sugar using an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor?

Which pathway is primarily used by only a few bacteria, utilizes different enzymes than glycolysis, and yields precursor metabolites and NADPH?

Which metabolic pathway reduces pyruvic acid to lactic acid or ethanol to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis?

How are fats catabolized in the presence of lipases?

Where do prokaryotes carry out protein catabolism?

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

Where are chlorophyll molecules held within photosystems?

What characterizes eukaryotic thylakoids compared to prokaryotic thylakoids?

In photosynthesis, what is the role of bacteriochlorophylls?

What metabolic process involves the breakdown of proteins for energy production?

Where do eukaryotes typically find their thylakoids during photosynthesis?

What are the components that nucleotides are composed of?

Where do ribose and deoxyribose, components of nucleotides, come from?

Which amino acids are involved in the production of purines and pyrimidines?

What is the primary outcome of catabolic pathways interacting with anabolic pathways?

What term is used to describe reactions that can be both anabolic or catabolic depending on the cellular needs?

Where do phosphate groups for nucleotide synthesis come from?

What is the main function of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway compared to the Embden-Meyerhof pathway?

What is the role of folic acid in nucleotide biosynthesis?

What is the primary purpose of fermentation in cellular respiration?

How do catabolic pathways contribute to anabolic pathways in terms of precursor metabolites?

Which metabolic pathway is characterized by breaking down glucose and producing precursor metabolites necessary for synthesizing nucleotides, steroids, and fatty acids?

What is a key outcome of the citric acid cycle in terms of ATP production?

Which process characterizes fermentation in terms of the final electron acceptor?

What is the essential role of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?

What is a significant difference between lactic acid and ethanol fermentation processes?

What is the term for RNA molecules functioning as catalysts?

Which model describes how the active site of an enzyme may change shape after substrate binding?

What is the term for the amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction?

Which factor can influence the rate of enzymatic reactions along with temperature and substrate concentration?

In which type of reaction does an enzyme separate from the two new products after breaking the bonds within the substrate?

What is the term for the molecule onto which substrates fit in enzymes?

What can denature enzymes by changing their shape and thus their ability to bond?

What are organic cofactors also called?

What type of phosphorylation describes the transfer of phosphate from a phosphorylated organic nutrient to ADP to form ATP?

How are enzymes classified based on their mode of action?

What is the primary function of ligases or polymerases enzymes?

What are inorganic cofactors in enzyme structure derived from?

Which type of enzymes rearrange atoms in a molecule to create isomers?

What is the category of enzymes that split molecules without using water?

What is the primary function of transferases among the different types of enzymes described?

What is the role of NADP+ and FAD in enzyme structure?

In noncyclic photophosphorylation, where do oxygenic organisms obtain electrons from?

What is the primary role of ATP and NADPH in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

What is the name of the pathway that involves the synthesis of glucose by carbon fixation?

Amphibolic reactions are metabolic reactions that can proceed towards:

What is the source of electrons in noncyclic photophosphorylation for anoxygenic organisms?

What is formed by the reduction of NADPH in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

Which compound is combined with CO2 in the Calvin-Benson cycle?

What drives the synthesis of glucose in photosynthesis?