Chapter 5 Chapter Summary_ MB
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of enzymes in metabolism?

  • Store energy in ATP
  • Break down nutrients into precursor metabolites (correct)
  • Assemble larger molecules
  • Acquire nutrients

    • Which process involves the breakdown of nutrients for energy?

  • Cellular respiration (correct)
  • Glycolysis
  • Photosynthesis
  • Fermentation

    • Where is energy stored in metabolism?

  • In polymerization reactions
  • In the process of glycolysis
  • In the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (correct)
  • In precursor metabolites

    • Which process involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is involved in assembling larger molecules using precursor metabolites and energy?

    <p>Anabolic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway involves the breakdown of lipids?

    <p>Lipid catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cellular respiration?

    <p>Produce ATP for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks for metabolism?

    <p>Nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when two remaining carbons from pyruvic acid join coenzyme A?

    <p>Acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of CO2 are produced when two molecules of acetyl-CoA enter the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cycle is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle?

    <p>Citric Acid Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of enzyme reactions take place in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do electron transport chains primarily occur in eukaryotes?

    <p>Inner membrane of mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process results in the synthesis of ATP during electron transport?

    <p>Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of FADH2 are formed for every two molecules of acetyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules do most organisms get electrons from for the electron transport chain?

    <p>(Organic) Molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of breaking down nutrient molecules in a series of steps known as?

    <p>Catabolic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reactions release energy and often produce precursor metabolites for anabolic pathways?

    <p>Oxidation-reduction reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a molecule that is an electron acceptor in a redox reaction?

    <p>It is reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three electron carrier molecules often required in metabolic pathways?

    <p>NAD+, NADP+, FAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule stores energy in the high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP?

    <p>Phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of reaction does a molecule lose an electron and is said to be oxidized?

    <p>Dehydrogenation reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecule where free electrons are carried from one site to another?

    <p>$\text{NADH}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a molecule gains an electron, what is it said to undergo?

    <p>$\text{Reduction}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the combination of apoenzyme and its cofactors called?

    <p>Holoenzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules functioning as catalysts are called ribozymes?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ribozymes catalyze the actual protein synthesis reactions of ribosomes?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the induced-fit model describe in enzyme-substrate interactions?

    <p>Substrate structure changes after binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can influence the rate of enzymatic reactions?

    <p>Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can enzymes be affected by physical and chemical factors such as temperature and pH?

    <p>Decreased enzymatic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction known as?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In catabolism, how does an enzyme act on a substrate?

    <p>'Enzyme and substrate combine to form a new product'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are theoretically yielded from the aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose?

    <p>38</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway yields fewer ATP molecules than the Embden-Meyerhof pathway but generates precursor metabolites not produced in glycolysis?

    <p>Entner-Doudoroff pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential function of fermentation?

    <p>To regenerate NAD+ for use in glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in fermentation when final electron acceptors for complete cellular respiration are unavailable?

    <p>NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway breaks down glucose and produces precursor metabolites and NADPH required for the synthesis of nucleotides, steroids, and fatty acids?

    <p>Pentose phosphate pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria use the Entner-Doudoroff pathway for catabolism of glucose?

    <p>Only a few bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the citric acid cycle in aerobic respiration?

    <p>To generate ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cellular respiration, which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in redox reactions?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a molecule loses an electron and is said to be oxidized?

    <p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules?

    <p>Redox reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the series of steps called when nutrient molecules are broken down in metabolism?

    <p>Catabolic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process concentrates energy from nutrients into high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP?

    <p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three electron carrier molecules often required in metabolic pathways?

    <p>NAD+, NADP+, FAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction involves the synthesis of macromolecules using ATP energy?

    <p>Anabolic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between control of gene expression and control of metabolic expression?

    <p>Gene expression controls enzyme production, while metabolic expression controls enzymes already produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regulatory mechanism involves producing enzymes only in the presence of their substrate?

    <p>Producing enzymes only when their substrate is present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells regulate chemical concentrations through channel and transporter proteins?

    <p>By regulating the synthesis and degradation of channel and transporter proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of catabolizing metabolites to produce lots of energy?

    <p>To provide energy for cellular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, where are metabolic processes primarily separated?

    <p>Membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves modifying enzyme function through binding at sites other than the active site?

    <p>Allosteric regulation of enzyme function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the availability of cofactors regulated in metabolic pathways?

    <p>By controlling the synthesis and degradation of cofactors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is feedback inhibition an important regulatory mechanism in cells?

    <p>To prevent the accumulation of excess metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of glycolysis involves the splitting of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid?

    <p>Lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, how many molecules of ATP are invested and how many are produced?

    <p>2 invested, 4 produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation?

    <p>The energy source used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can pyruvate from glycolysis be directed depending on the availability of final electron acceptors?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of cellular respiration that involves the synthesis of acetyl-CoA?

    <p>Synthesis of acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of enzymes is responsible for rearranging atoms in a molecule?

    <p>Isomerases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many stages does cellular respiration involve?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of apoenzymes in enzyme structure?

    <p>Require cofactors for activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cofactor includes ions like iron, magnesium, zinc, or copper?

    <p>Inorganic cofactors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes substrate-level phosphorylation?

    <p>Phosphate transfer from organic nutrient to ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criterion for naming enzymes?

    <p>The chemicals they act on</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzymes are composed of both apoenzymes and nonprotein cofactors?

    <p>Complete enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of reaction do ligases or polymerases enzymes play a crucial role?

    <p>Joining molecules together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle in aerobic respiration?

    <p>Break down acetyl-CoA to produce CO2 and energy carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

    <p>Pump protons (H+) across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the synthesis of ATP through the movement of protons across a membrane?

    <p>Substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of acetyl-CoA in cellular respiration?

    <p>Transfer energy and electrons to coenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the energy production during the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Production of energy carriers like NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzyme reaction is NOT directly involved in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Anabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the electron transport chain in terms of energy production?

    <p>Utilization of chemiosmosis to form ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of coenzyme A in cellular respiration?

    <p>Facilitate the production of acetyl-CoA from pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the precursor metabolites derived from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle used for in nucleotide biosynthesis?

    <p>Forming the pyrimidine and purine bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do catabolic and anabolic pathways interact based on the text?

    <p>Catabolic pathways produce energy for anabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can amphibolic reactions be described based on the provided information?

    <p>They can be either anabolic or catabolic as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acids are involved in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines according to the text?

    <p>Glutamine and Aspartic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribose 5-phosphate in nucleotide biosynthesis?

    <p>Serving as a precursor for ribose and deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does energy released in catabolic reactions contribute to anabolic reactions?

    <p>By driving the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of phosphate groups required for nucleotide biosynthesis according to the text?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of folic acid in nucleotide biosynthesis?

    <p>Aids in the production of purines and pyrimidines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net gain of ATP molecules during glycolysis?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribozymes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Catalyze protein synthesis reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of glycolysis involves the splitting of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid?

    <p>Energy-conserving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model describes the phenomenon where the active site of an enzyme changes shape upon substrate binding?

    <p>Induced-fit model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of citric acid (Krebs) cycle in cellular respiration?

    <p>Production of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In enzyme-substrate specificity, what determines the compatibility between the enzyme's active site and the substrate?

    <p>Complementary shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors can influence the rate of enzymatic reactions?

    <p>Temperature, pH, enzyme and substrate concentration, and presence of inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, what is the total number of ATP molecules involved in energy conservation steps?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process may occur if enzymes are denatured by extreme pH or temperature changes?

    <p>Permanent change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can pyruvate be directed depending on the availability of final electron acceptors?

    <p>Fermentation reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Apoenzyme' combined with organic cofactors forms:

    <p>'Holoenzyme'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of cellular respiration that involves the synthesis of acetyl-CoA?

    <p>Synthesis of acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Ribosomal ribozymes' primarily catalyze:

    <p>'Protein synthesis reactions'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic pathway leads to the production of acetyl-coenzyme A from pyruvic acid?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of NADH molecules produced during glycolysis?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when the flow of ions down an electrochemical gradient across a membrane is used to synthesize ATP?

    <p>Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule functions as the final electron acceptor in redox reactions during aerobic respiration?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of flavoproteins in the electron transport system?

    <p>Carrying electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electrochemical gradient of protons with potential energy known as?

    <p>Proton Motive Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anaerobic respiration, what molecules are commonly used as final electron acceptors?

    <p>Carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme synthesizes ATP in both oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation?

    <p>ATP Synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key aspect of chemiosmosis regarding the synthesis of ATP?

    <p>Flow of Protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metal-containing proteins in the electron transport system?

    <p>Transporting Electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Involves seven reactions that are the reverse of glycolysis reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are triglycerides (fats) synthesized?

    <p>From glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process involved in synthesizing waxes like mycolic acid?

    <p>Long synthesis pathways requiring lots of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are essential amino acids obtained?

    <p>By obtaining them from the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of steroids synthesis?

    <p>Involves complex pathways of polymerizations and isomerizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between gluconeogenesis and lipid biosynthesis?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis consists of reverse glycolysis reactions, while lipid biosynthesis does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which some amino acids are synthesized using the amine group from ammonia?

    <p>Transamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of most essential amino acids for organisms?

    <p>Obtained in the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net gain of NADH molecules during glycolysis?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of glycolysis involves energy investment through ATP consumption?

    <p>Energy-investment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cellular respiration, what is the first stage after glycolysis?

    <p>Synthesis of acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many steps are involved in the lysis phase of glycolysis?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether pyruvate is directed to the citric acid cycle or fermentation reactions?

    <p>Availability of final electron acceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic pathway follows glycolysis if pyruvate is directed to fermentation?

    <p>Anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total net gain of ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose undergoing glycolysis?

    <p>$4$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of glycolysis does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

    <p>Energy-conserving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reactions involve the transfer of electrons?

    <p>Redox reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in metabolic pathways?

    <p>Electron carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process is energy from nutrient bonds concentrated in the high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP?

    <p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a molecule when it is said to be reduced in a redox reaction?

    <p>Gains an electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ribozymes play in cells?

    <p>Are enzymes that catalyze RNA splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of exergonic reactions?

    <p>Release energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in adding inorganic phosphate to molecules during phosphorylation?

    <p><strong>Kinase</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do free electrons carry from one site to another in metabolic pathways?

    <p><strong>Hydrogen atoms</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration with respect to electron acceptors?

    <p>Aerobes use oxygen as the final electron acceptor, while anaerobes use inorganic molecules like sulfate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemiosmosis in the context of the electron transport chain?

    <p>To create a proton gradient that generates ATP synthesis through the flow of protons down their electrochemical gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules is NOT a carrier molecule in the electron transport system?

    <p>ATP synthases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of metal-containing proteins in the electron transport system?

    <p>To serve as intermediate carriers of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a proton motive force created during chemiosmosis?

    <p>To synthesize ATP through ATP synthases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of ATP are synthesized during chemiosmosis from the oxidation of 10 molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH2?

    <p>34 molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gradient is utilized by chemiosmosis to synthesize ATP?

    <p>Proton gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway for the catabolism of glucose yields fewer ATP molecules than the Embden-Meyerhof pathway but generates precursor metabolites not produced in glycolysis?

    <p>Entner-Doudoroff pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential function of fermentation in cellular respiration?

    <p>Regeneration of NAD+ for use in glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway breaks down glucose during a process that produces precursor metabolites and NADPH required for the synthesis of nucleotides, steroids, and fatty acids?

    <p>Pentose phosphate pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net theoretical yield of ATP molecules from the aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose via glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

    <p>38 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation when complete cellular respiration electron acceptors are unavailable?

    <p>An organic molecule within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the partial oxidation of sugar using an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is primarily used by only a few bacteria, utilizes different enzymes than glycolysis, and yields precursor metabolites and NADPH?

    <p>Entner-Doudoroff pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic pathway reduces pyruvic acid to lactic acid or ethanol to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are fats catabolized in the presence of lipases?

    <p>Glycerol is converted to DHAP and then to pyruvic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do prokaryotes carry out protein catabolism?

    <p>Outside their cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

    <p>To capture light energy for carbohydrate synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are chlorophyll molecules held within photosystems?

    <p>In the thylakoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes eukaryotic thylakoids compared to prokaryotic thylakoids?

    <p>Eukaryotic thylakoids are infoldings of chloroplast inner membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In photosynthesis, what is the role of bacteriochlorophylls?

    <p>They help absorb light energy for carbohydrate synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic process involves the breakdown of proteins for energy production?

    <p>Proteolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do eukaryotes typically find their thylakoids during photosynthesis?

    <p>Infoldings of the inner membranes of chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components that nucleotides are composed of?

    <p>A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a pyrimidine or purine base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do ribose and deoxyribose, components of nucleotides, come from?

    <p>From glycolysis and the citric acid cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acids are involved in the production of purines and pyrimidines?

    <p>Glutamine and aspartic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of catabolic pathways interacting with anabolic pathways?

    <p>Energy for anabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe reactions that can be both anabolic or catabolic depending on the cellular needs?

    <p>Amphibolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do phosphate groups for nucleotide synthesis come from?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway compared to the Embden-Meyerhof pathway?

    <p>Generates precursor metabolites not produced in glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of folic acid in nucleotide biosynthesis?

    <p>Provides the carbon source for purines and pyrimidines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of fermentation in cellular respiration?

    <p>To regenerate NAD+ for use in glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do catabolic pathways contribute to anabolic pathways in terms of precursor metabolites?

    <p>Supply precursor metabolites for use as substrates in anabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic pathway is characterized by breaking down glucose and producing precursor metabolites necessary for synthesizing nucleotides, steroids, and fatty acids?

    <p>Pentose phosphate pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key outcome of the citric acid cycle in terms of ATP production?

    <p>Produces 2 ATP molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process characterizes fermentation in terms of the final electron acceptor?

    <p>Uses an organic molecule within the cell as the final electron acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential role of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?

    <p>Produces ATP molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between lactic acid and ethanol fermentation processes?

    <p>Different final electron acceptors used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for RNA molecules functioning as catalysts?

    <p>Ribozymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model describes how the active site of an enzyme may change shape after substrate binding?

    <p>Induced-fit model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can influence the rate of enzymatic reactions along with temperature and substrate concentration?

    <p>pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of reaction does an enzyme separate from the two new products after breaking the bonds within the substrate?

    <p>Catabolic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the molecule onto which substrates fit in enzymes?

    <p>Active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can denature enzymes by changing their shape and thus their ability to bond?

    <p>Physical and chemical factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are organic cofactors also called?

    <p>Coenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of phosphorylation describes the transfer of phosphate from a phosphorylated organic nutrient to ADP to form ATP?

    <p>Substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are enzymes classified based on their mode of action?

    <p>By their substrate specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ligases or polymerases enzymes?

    <p>Joining molecules together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are inorganic cofactors in enzyme structure derived from?

    <p>Ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzymes rearrange atoms in a molecule to create isomers?

    <p>Isomerases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of enzymes that split molecules without using water?

    <p>Lyases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transferases among the different types of enzymes described?

    <p>Transferring functional groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NADP+ and FAD in enzyme structure?

    <p>Cofactors made from vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In noncyclic photophosphorylation, where do oxygenic organisms obtain electrons from?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ATP and NADPH in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>To drive carbon fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pathway that involves the synthesis of glucose by carbon fixation?

    <p>Calvin-Benson cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphibolic reactions are metabolic reactions that can proceed towards:

    <p>Catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of electrons in noncyclic photophosphorylation for anoxygenic organisms?

    <p>H2S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by the reduction of NADPH in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>$G3P$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is combined with CO2 in the Calvin-Benson cycle?

    <p>$RuBP$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the synthesis of glucose in photosynthesis?

    <p>$ATP$ and $NADPH$</p> Signup and view all the answers

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