40 Questions
What is the primary structure of proteins?
Multif similar different
Which type of protein structure describes the completely folded and compacted polypeptide chain?
Tertiary structure
In protein structure determination, which model arranges atoms by VanderWaal's radii?
Space filling model
Which term describes the interactions of amino acid side chains in non-neighboring regions of a polypeptide chain?
Tertiary interactions
What type of protein structures tend to be water-soluble and combine alpha helices and beta sheets?
Globular structures
What is the name of DeepMind's program that outperformed around 100 other teams in a biennial protein structure prediction challenge called CASP?
AlphaFold
Who co-founded CASP in 1994 to improve computational methods for accurately predicting protein structures?
John Moult
What is denaturation of proteins defined as?
The loss of the structural order that gives a protein its biological activity
Which factor can cause denaturation of proteins by disrupting hydrogen bonds?
pH changes affecting side chain electrostatics
What is the term used for the folding process where non-polar species in water reduce entropy, forcing water to organize around them?
Hydrophobic Effect
What does the primary (1°) structure of a protein refer to?
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Which force is described as a stabilizing force due to being non-polar?
Hydrophobic effect
What is the difference in percentage between the known and unknown structures of protein as mentioned in the text?
5%
Which interaction is described as a very large destabilizing force in hemoglobin?
2,3-BPG binding
What does the tertiary structure of a protein refer to?
The way the polypeptide chain folds up
What is the role of 2,3BPG in hemoglobin?
Inhibits Hb from binding to oxygen
How does the presence of BPG affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Decreases the affinity for oxygen
Which method is commonly used for protein structure determination?
X-ray diffraction of protein crystals
What has Google's AI offshoot DeepMind achieved in the field of structure prediction?
Made advancements in de novo predictions
What is the impact of the Bohr Effect on hemoglobin's oxygen binding properties?
Decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen
What is the turn repeat distance of the alpha helix structure?
5.4Å
Which amino acid disrupts the alpha-helix structure by creating a bend?
Proline
What causes the disruption of an alpha-helix due to strong electrostatic repulsion?
Proximity of Lysine and Arginine
In a beta-pleated sheet, how do the R groups of amino acids extend?
Above and below the plane
Which amino acid is often encountered in reverse turns of protein structures?
Glycine
What type of proteins are folded to a more or less spherical shape and tend to be soluble in water and salt solutions?
Globular proteins
Which type of proteins contain polypeptide chains organized approximately parallel along a single axis, tend to be mechanically strong, and insoluble in water and dilute salt solutions?
Fibrous proteins
What structure of proteins involves non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions?
Tertiary structure
Which factor plays a crucial role in ensuring proper protein folding by stabilizing the folded structure?
More hydrophobic residues
What characterizes the quaternary structure of proteins?
The association of multiple polypeptide chains forming the complete protein structure
What type of local conformations are maintained by extensive hydrogen bonding involving components of the peptide bond?
Alpha helices
Which kind of protein structure involves a regular pattern of hydrogen bonds between amide N-H and C=O groups of amino acids near each other in the primary sequence?
Secondary structure
What type of bond between amino nitrogen and alpha-carbon in a residue has free rotation in protein structures?
Peptide bond
Which protein structure is described as having hydrogen bonds parallel to the axis?
Alpha helices
What is the optimal arrangement for an alpha helix with regard to its structure?
Straight and unstrained
In protein structure determination, which model explains the spacing observed in X-ray diffraction patterns of alpha helices?
Hair/repeating period model
What type of protein structures can be formed by both intrachain and interchain hydrogen bonds?
Beta sheets
Which bond in proteins is responsible for stabilizing the secondary structure elements like alpha helices and beta sheets?
Hydrogen bond
What is the term used for the kind of protein folding that results from the interactions between side chains of amino acids not in neighboring regions?
Tertiary structure
What is the main type of interaction driving the stabilization of a-helices in proteins?
Hydrogen bonds
Test your knowledge on enzymes, cofactors, fibrous and globular proteins. Learn about the structural and functional roles of proteins in the body.
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