30 Questions
What is the main factor that determines ESR?
Concentration of fibrinogen in the plasma
Where are most plasma proteins synthesized?
Liver
Which type of proteins are exceptions to being synthesized in the liver?
γ-globulins
What is the characteristic half-life of albumin in circulation?
20 days
Name a positive acute phase reactant that shows a ~1000-fold increase during inflammation.
C-reactive protein
Give an example of a negative acute phase reactant.
Albumin
Describe the structure of phospholipids and explain why they are considered amphipathic.
Phospholipids have a hydrophilic phosphate head and a hydrophobic fatty acid tail, making them amphipathic.
How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acid tails influence membrane fluidity?
Unsaturated fatty acid tails increase membrane fluidity, while saturated fatty acid tails decrease fluidity.
Explain why organisms in cold environments have more unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes.
Unsaturated fatty acids help maintain membrane fluidity at low temperatures.
What is the difference in energy yield between the respiration of lipids and carbohydrates?
Lipids provide twice as much energy as carbohydrates during respiration.
How does the structure of lipids allow them to be compactly stored and not affect the water potential of cell contents?
Lipids are insoluble, allowing them to be stored compactly without affecting water potential.
Explain the role of cholesterol in biological membranes.
Cholesterol provides strength and stability to biological membranes.
How do allosteric enzymes differ from enzymes that follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
Allosteric enzymes do not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics and show a sigmoidal curve.
What happens to the reaction velocity with temperature increase?
The reaction velocity increases with temperature until a peak velocity is reached.
What effect does further elevation of temperature have on reaction velocity?
Further elevation of temperature causes a decrease in reaction velocity due to enzyme denaturation.
What is the optimum temperature range for most human enzymes?
Between 35°C and 40°C.
What is the significance of pH on the active site ionization in enzyme reactions?
The concentration of protons ([H+]) affects reaction velocity by altering the ionization state of specific chemical groups.
Why does the rate of reaction decline at alkaline pH?
The rate of the reaction declines because certain chemical groups required for catalysis become deprotonated.
What enzyme increases in cancer of the prostate?
Acid phosphatase (ACP)
Which enzyme is a diagnostic aid in cases of meningitis and brain tumors?
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Which enzyme is elevated in MI and reaches peak levels around 2-3 days after infarction?
LDH 1
What enzyme increases in obstructive liver diseases, bone diseases, and hyperparathyroidism?
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Which enzyme is increased in conditions of damage to skeletal muscles?
Creatine Kinase (CKMM)
Which enzyme is increased in heart, brain, and skeletal muscle diseases?
Creatine Kinase (CK)
What major and minor grooves are created by the spatial relationship between the two strands in the DNA double helix?
Major (wide) groove and minor (narrow) groove
How do certain anticancer drugs like dactinomycin exert their cytotoxic effect on DNA double helix?
By intercalating into the narrow groove of the DNA double helix
Which bases are always paired together in DNA double helix?
Adenine (A) with Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) with Guanine (G)
What is the complement of a polynucleotide chain in the DNA double helix?
The other polynucleotide chain
What rule in DNA states that the amount of A equals the amount of T, and the amount of G equals the amount of C?
Chargaff rule
How many hydrogen bonds are between Adenine (A) and Thymine (T), and between Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)?
Two between A and T, three between G and C
Test your knowledge on enzyme kinetics, including Michaelis-Menten kinetics and allosteric enzymes. Explore the impact of temperature on reaction velocity and substrate energy barrier. Figure 5.6 and the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin are mentioned for reference.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
