Enzyme Function and Components

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function and composition of enzymes?

  • Enzymes are large biomolecules, primarily proteins, that accelerate metabolic reactions. (correct)
  • Enzymes are inorganic compounds primarily composed of lipids and carbohydrates that act as biocatalysts.
  • Enzymes are primarily composed of cofactors and coenzymes, which are the active sites for metabolic processes.
  • Enzymes are small organic molecules that slow down metabolic reactions within cells.

An industrial process requires an enzyme in large volumes with low unit value and production costs. Which term best describes the type of enzyme suitable for this process?

  • Enzim Murni
  • Bulk Enzyme (correct)
  • Enzim Adi
  • Fine Enzyme

How do enzymes affect the energy requirements of a chemical reaction?

  • Enzymes increase the amount of energy required for a reaction to occur.
  • Enzymes alter the type of energy required from potential to kinetic.
  • Enzymes increase the activation energy of a reaction.
  • Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction. (correct)

Referring to the provided diagram, what does label 4 represent in the context of enzyme reactions?

<p>Activation energy without enzyme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the roles of apoenzymes and coenzymes in enzyme function?

<p>Apoenzymes are the protein part of an enzyme, and coenzymes are organic or inorganic molecules needed for the enzyme's function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common example of a cofactor?

<p>Protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided diagrams, which setup likely demonstrates a reaction utilizing an enzyme?

<p>Setup B, showing a rapid reaction rate and bonds broken by enzyme action. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a cell produces more products than needed, the excess product often inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes its production. What is this process known as?

<p>Lock and key inhibition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an enzymatic reaction where the enzyme concentration is lower than the substrate concentration, what effect does the addition of more enzyme have on the reaction rate, and what happens when substrate is high?

<p>Increases; increases; balanced; constant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended temperature range for maintaining enzyme stability during purification processes?

<p>2-4°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Referring to the general steps in enzyme purification, what process does Step A represent, where the enzyme is initially extracted from a crude source?

<p>Extraction (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Referring to the general steps in enzyme purification, what process does Step B represent, which involves using a small scale separation method?

<p>Separation on a small scale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of homogenization in enzyme extraction, and what conditions are crucial during this step?

<p>To break cells and extract enzymes while avoiding denaturation through foaming, typically done at 2-4°C. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In enzyme purification, what follows the centrifugation of a cell lysate?

<p>Supernatant containing the enzyme undergoes further purification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What purification process involves retaining large protein molecules within a membrane while allowing smaller molecules to pass through, utilizing a buffer solution to maintain ionic equilibrium?

<p>Dialysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ammonium sulfate in protein and enzyme purification?

<p>To separate proteins based on solubility, using different salt concentrations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using ammonium sulfate in the protein purification process?

<p>It is low price. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of membrane is used to extract salt from a solute?

<p>Cellophane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Referring to the enzyme kinetics curve where [S] >> Km, what is the reaction rate?

<p>V = Vmax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are enzymes?

Enzymes are chemical compounds with a cofactor that act as biocatalysts.

What is a bulk enzyme?

Required in large volumes, low unit value, and low production cost.

What is the function of an enzyme?

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.

What is an apoenzyme?

Apoenzyme is the primary component of an enzyme and is the active part consisting of lipids that are stable and easily changed.

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What is a cofactor?

It consists of Cu, Mg, K, Fe, and Na.

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What is feedback inhibition?

When a cell makes more product than needed, the extra product inhibits enzyme activity.

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Enzyme and Substrate Concentrations

In reactions with more substrate than enzyme, adding more enzyme increases the reaction rate. This occurs linearly until enzyme and substrate concentrations are equal, after which the rate plateaus.

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What is homogenization?

Homogenization is used to make a uniform suspension. It's crucial to prevent foaming, which can denature extracted enzymes, and is conducted at 2-4°C.

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What does centrifugation do?

Centrifugation separates extracellular enzymes, yielding a clear supernatant and a solid precipitate at the tube's base. The supernatant is used for further purification.

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What is dialysis?

It is a process where large protein molecules are retained in a membrane bag while small molecules pass through pores. This causes an imbalance of ions that is corrected by low-concentration buffer outside the bag.

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What is precipitation of proteins?

It involves adding ammonium sulfate to precipitate and concentrate proteins, separating them from other substances.

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What are the advantages of using saline ammonium sulfate for precipitating protein?

High solubility, does not affect the enzyme’s activity, has an effective precipitation power, has a stabilizing effect on most enzymes, can be used at various pHs and is inexpensive

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What is cellophane?

Cellophane is a thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose.

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What is a catalytic constant (kcat)?

The constant, is the number of catalytic cycles performed by an active site over a set time, divided by the duration of the interval

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What is catalytic efficiency?

It is the amount of reaction cycles completed by an active site during a specific time relative to how long the interval is.

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What is a genetic type inhibitor?

Inhibits activity through physical obstruction.

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What is Alosteric irreversible inhibition?

In this type of inhibition, a group is destroyed in the enzyme molecule.

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What is homogen reaction?

A homogen reaction means the enzyme uses a dissolved enzyme in its natural form.

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Enzyme Immobilization

It is a technique where the enzyme is placed in a matrix to keep catalytic activity going constantly.

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Cross Linking

The technique is where enzymes interact to form covalent bonds with molecules, such as glutaraldehyde.

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Study Notes

  • Enzim memiliki komponen utama kofaktor dan berperan sebagai biokatalisator.
  • Enzim adalah senyawa organik bermolekul besar yang berfungsi untuk mempercepat reaksi metabolisme.
  • Bagian enzim yang aktif adalah kofaktor dan koenzim.
  • Enzim tersusun atas protein, lemak, dan karbohidrat.
  • Enzim yang diperlukan dalam jumlah besar, nilai satuan rendah, dan biaya produksi rendah disebut sebagai bulk enzyme.
  • Enzim berfungsi menurunkan energi aktivasi.

Grafik Energi Aktivasi

  • Nomor 4 pada grafik menunjukkan energi aktivasi tanpa enzim.

  • Nomor 5 pada grafik menunjukkan energi aktivasi dengan enzim.

  • Apoenzim adalah bagian enzim aktif yang terdiri atas protein.

  • Holoenzim memiliki gugus protein untuk menjaga fungsi enzim.

  • Kofaktor bisa berupa ion logam atau molekul organik nonprotein (koenzim).

  • Contoh kofaktor adalah Cu, Mg, K, Fe, Na.

  • Jika sel menghasilkan produk berlebih, produk tersebut dapat menghambat kerja enzim, yang dikenal sebagai feedback inhibitor.

  • Pada reaksi dengan konsentrasi enzim lebih sedikit dari substrat, penambahan enzim akan meningkatkan laju reaksi secara linier hingga konsentrasi enzim dan substrat relatif seimbang.

  • Pengkondisian suhu yang tepat untuk pemurnian enzim berada pada suhu 2-4°C.

  • Tahap A dalam proses purifikasi enzim adalah ekstraksi.

  • Tahap B dalam proses purifikasi enzim adalah separasi skala kecil.

  • Perlakuan untuk memecah sel dan mengekstraksi enzim agar didapatkan suspensi homogen disebut homogenisasi dan harus dijaga agar tidak berbusa pada suhu 2-4°C.

  • Memisahkan enzim ekstraseluler dari sisa sel menggunakan sentrifugasi menghasilkan supernatan untuk pemurnian lanjutan.

  • Proses dimana molekul protein atau enzim berukuran besar tertahan dalam kantung membran disebut dialisis.

  • Garam yang sering digunakan untuk mengendapkan protein dan enzim adalah amonium sulfat.

  • Kelebihan menggunakan garam amonium sulfat adalah: kelarutan tinggi, tidak mempengaruhi aktivitas enzim, daya pengendap efektif, efek penstabil, dapat digunakan pada berbagai pH, dan harganya murah.

  • Membran yang dipakai saat proses dialysis untuk memisahkan garam adalah selofan.

  • Bila [S] < Km, maka V berbanding lurus dengan [S].

  • Bila [S] = Km, maka V= ½ Vmax.

  • Bila [S] > Km, maka V= Vmax.

  • Konstanta katalitik (kcat) adalah konstanta laju efektif dari reaksi enzimatis.

  • Efisiensi katalitik (η) adalah konstanta laju efektif dari reaksi enzimatis.

  • Proses inhibisi enzim karena penghambatan aktivitas enzim disebut tipe alosterik.

  • Tipe inhibisi dimana terjadi destruksi gugus fungsi dalam molekul enzim disebut alosterik ireversibel.

  • Tipe inhibisi yang tidak bisa dianalisis dengan teori kinetik Michaelis-Menten adalah alosterik ireversibel.

  • Tipe inhibisi yang bisa dianalisis dengan teori kinetik Michaelis-Menten adalah alosterik reversibel.

  • Skema reaksi E + I ⇌ EI terjadi saat inhibisi nonkompetitif.

  • Skema reaksi ES + S ⇌ ESâ‚‚ terjadi saat inhibisi unkompetitif.

  • Skema reaksi ES + I ⇌ ESI dan E + I ⇌ EI terjadi saat inhibisi substrat.

  • Skema reaksi E + S ⇌ ES dan E + I ⇌ EI terjadi saat inhibisi kompetitif.

  • Reaksi enzimatis dalam fase homogen adalah reaksi enzim menggunakan enzim terlarut/enzim bebas/enzim alami.

  • Reaksi enzimatis dalam fase heterogen adalah reaksi enzim menggunakan enzim amobil.

  • Teknik dimana enzim dilokalisir pada matriks untuk mempertahankan aktivitas katalitik disebut imobilisasi enzim.

  • Metode imobilisasi enzim yang membentuk ikatan kovalen dengan molekul seperti glutaraldehida disebut metode cross-linking.

  • Metode imobilisasi enzim yang melokalisir enzim pada matriks disebut metode entrapment.

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