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Questions and Answers
What happens to enzymes at low pH levels?
What happens to enzymes at low pH levels?
Increasing substrate concentration always increases enzyme activity.
Increasing substrate concentration always increases enzyme activity.
False (B)
What is the optimal pH for the enzyme pepsin?
What is the optimal pH for the enzyme pepsin?
Approximately 1.5 to 2
The presence of cofactors and coenzymes can _____ enzyme activity.
The presence of cofactors and coenzymes can _____ enzyme activity.
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Match the following types of inhibition with their descriptions:
Match the following types of inhibition with their descriptions:
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What effect does adding more enzymes have on the rate of reaction?
What effect does adding more enzymes have on the rate of reaction?
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High inhibitor concentration increases enzyme activity.
High inhibitor concentration increases enzyme activity.
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Name one example of a cofactor needed for enzyme activity.
Name one example of a cofactor needed for enzyme activity.
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Allosteric regulators are molecules that bind to _____ sites on enzymes.
Allosteric regulators are molecules that bind to _____ sites on enzymes.
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Which of the following best describes feedback inhibition?
Which of the following best describes feedback inhibition?
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What are protease enzymes primarily used for in laundry detergents?
What are protease enzymes primarily used for in laundry detergents?
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Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.
Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.
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What is the induced fit model in enzyme action?
What is the induced fit model in enzyme action?
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The energy required to initiate a reaction is known as ___.
The energy required to initiate a reaction is known as ___.
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Which of the following conditions can lead to enzyme denaturation?
Which of the following conditions can lead to enzyme denaturation?
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Enzymes work best at extremely high pH levels.
Enzymes work best at extremely high pH levels.
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Name a common suffix found in enzyme names.
Name a common suffix found in enzyme names.
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High salt concentrations can disrupt the ____ bonds holding the enzyme's structure.
High salt concentrations can disrupt the ____ bonds holding the enzyme's structure.
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Match the following factors with their effects on enzymes:
Match the following factors with their effects on enzymes:
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What happens to enzymes at temperatures that are too low?
What happens to enzymes at temperatures that are too low?
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Study Notes
Enzyme Function
- Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy (Ea).
- They are biological catalysts, meaning they are not consumed in the reaction.
- The induced fit model suggests the active site can change shape to fit the substrate.
- Enzyme names typically end in "-ase" (e.g., lipase).
Activation Energy
- Activation energy (Ea) is the initial input of energy needed to break down large molecules.
- Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, thus increasing the reaction rate.
How Enzymes Lower Ea
- Enzymes bring substrates together and position them correctly.
- Enzymes destabilize substrates by reducing or oxidizing them, making them more likely to react.
Enzyme Activity and Factors
- Enzyme activity is affected by temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and inhibitors.
- Optimal temperature for human enzymes is around 37°C.
- High temperatures or extreme pH values can denature enzymes, disrupting their shape and function by breaking bonds.
- Increasing substrate concentration increases enzyme activity up to a certain point, when all active sites are occupied.
- Adding more enzymes increases the rate of enzyme activity.
- High inhibitor concentration decreases enzyme activity.
Types of Inhibitors
- Competitive Inhibitors: interfere with the active site, preventing the substrate from binding.
- Noncompetitive Inhibitors: change the enzyme's shape, preventing the substrate from binding regardless of whether the active site is occupied.
Cofactors and Coenzymes
- Cofactors are inorganic ions needed for enzymes to function (e.g., Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺).
- Coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzymes.
Allosteric Regulation
- Allosteric regulators alter enzyme activity by binding to a site other than the active site.
- Activators change the enzyme's shape to allow substrate binding.
- Inhibitors change the enzyme's shape so substrate binding cannot occur.
Feedback Inhibition
- The product of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can act as an inhibitor, shutting down the enzyme when the product concentration is high.
- As the product is used or degraded, its concentration decreases, enabling the enzyme to resume function.
Enzyme Inhibitors in Poisons, Pesticides, and Drugs
- Many poisons, pesticides, and drugs are enzyme inhibitors, potentially causing severe effects on organisms.
- Cyanide and nerve gases, for example, inhibit enzymes involved in crucial metabolic processes like cellular respiration.
- Some antibiotics and pain relievers also act as enzyme inhibitors.
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Description
This quiz explores the role of enzymes as biological catalysts in chemical reactions. Discover how enzymes function by lowering activation energy and facilitating substrate interaction. You'll also learn about factors affecting enzyme activity.
