Environmental Science and Climate Change Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of melanin in the body?

  • To improve bone density
  • To facilitate digestion
  • To store energy
  • To protect against UV radiation (correct)

Which process is not part of the carbon cycle?

  • Photosynthesis
  • Combustion
  • Evaporation (correct)
  • Sedimentation

Which of the following factors contributes to ocean acidification?

  • Higher water temperatures
  • Increased oxygen levels
  • Decreased salinity
  • High levels of CO2 emissions (correct)

What effect do positive forcings have on Earth's climate?

<p>They cause warming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do unreactive elements not require additional electrons?

<p>They already have a full valence shell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about CFCs in relation to heat absorption?

<p>They can absorb heat due to loose atomic bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the steady state of ozone characterized by?

<p>Destruction balanced by production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a compound?

<p>A compound is a pure substance made from two or more elements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a natural aerosol source that affects climate?

<p>Dust storms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of climate change?

<p>Extreme weather patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes isotopes of an element?

<p>Different atomic masses due to varying neutron numbers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do greenhouse gases affect Earth's temperature?

<p>They trap heat in the atmosphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the same element that exists in different forms?

<p>Allotrope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the conservation of mass state about atoms?

<p>The total number of atoms remains constant at all times. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sea levels due to climate change?

<p>They rise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a homogeneous mixture?

<p>It has a uniform composition throughout. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of photons?

<p>They are packets of light. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes wave-particle duality?

<p>Light exhibits properties of both waves and particles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a biocatalyst in a chemical reaction?

<p>To speed up the reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the induced fit model?

<p>The active site changes shape to fit the substrate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes regarding prostaglandin?

<p>COX-1 is associated with normal physiological functions, while COX-2 is linked to inflammatory responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bonding is primarily involved in hydrogen bonding?

<p>Intermolecular bonding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does electronegativity have in molecular interactions?

<p>It helps determine molecular polarity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is referred to as 'super-aspirin'?

<p>VIOXX (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of active site specificity relate to enzyme function?

<p>Specificity enhances the likelihood of correct substrate binding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the 'good' and 'bad' prostaglandins?

<p>Good prostaglandins are essential for normal body functions, while bad ones are associated with pain and inflammation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an unsaturated fatty acid?

<p>It has one or more C=C double bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the presence of C=C double bonds have on the shape of unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>They introduce bends in the chain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in the number of C-C bonds affect the melting point of unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>It increases the melting point. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of partial hydrogenation in unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>It reduces the number of C=C double bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the melting point of unsaturated fatty acids as the number of double bonds increases?

<p>It decreases significantly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true about the chains of unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>They are fully ionic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is created as a byproduct of converting C=C double bonds through hydrogenation?

<p>Trans fat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does partial hydrogenation affect the packing of fatty acid molecules?

<p>It allows for tighter packing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of complete hydrogenation of fats?

<p>All fats become saturated (C), All double bonds are converted to single bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of cis-trans isomers affect lipid chains?

<p>Cis isomers straighten the chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes starch?

<p>Spiral shape that makes it water-soluble (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason fats are considered more 'fattening' than carbohydrates?

<p>Fats supply more energy when metabolized (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the backbone structure of DNA composed of?

<p>Sugar and deoxyribose with bases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a codon?

<p>Three consecutive bases in DNA or RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an isomer of polyglucose?

<p>Fructose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process costs energy during metabolic reactions?

<p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main danger of UV radiation compared to other types of radiation?

<p>It can break chemical bonds and damage biological tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in ozone depletion?

<p>They produce free radicals that react with ozone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is stratospheric ozone considered 'good'?

<p>High in the atmosphere. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CO2 have on the Earth's atmosphere?

<p>They contribute to the greenhouse effect and warming. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Montreal Protocol aim to achieve?

<p>Ban ozone-depleting substances to heal ozone layers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of radiation has enough energy to break O-O bonds?

<p>Ultraviolet radiation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a natural source of stratospheric ozone?

<p>Volcanic eruptions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do CFCs contribute to ozone depletion in the stratosphere?

<p>They react with UV light to release chlorine atoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of UV radiation emitted reaches the atmosphere?

<p>23% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of ozone destruction in the atmosphere?

<p>Thinning of the ozone layer and less UV protection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of UV-B makes it particularly damaging to biological tissues?

<p>It penetrates biological tissues deeply. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to UV radiation when it reaches Earth's surface?

<p>Only 50% is absorbed, the rest is emitted back. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gases contributes to the greenhouse effect?

<p>Methane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of having less stratospheric ozone?

<p>Increased incidence of skin cancer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pure Substance

A substance made up of only one type of atom or molecule. It has a fixed composition and properties.

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded. The components can be separated by physical means.

Homogenous Mixture

A mixture with a uniform composition throughout. The components are evenly distributed.

Heterogenous Mixture

A mixture with a non-uniform composition. The components are not evenly distributed.

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Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. It is made up of only one type of atom.

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Compound

A pure substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio.

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Allotrope

Different forms of the same element in the same physical state, but with different properties.

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Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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Electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond.

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Biocatalyst

A substance that speeds up a biological reaction without being consumed in the process.

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Active Site

The specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.

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Induced Fit

The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme to accommodate the substrate.

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Hydrogen Bonding

A type of weak bond between molecules that involves the attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen).

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Prostaglandin

A type of lipid that plays a role in inflammation, pain, and fever.

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COX-1

An enzyme that produces beneficial prostaglandins involved in protecting the stomach lining and regulating blood clotting.

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COX-2

An enzyme that produces harmful prostaglandins associated with inflammation and pain.

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Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A fatty acid with at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).

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Saturated Fatty Acid

A fatty acid with only single carbon-carbon bonds (C-C).

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Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

An unsaturated fatty acid with only one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).

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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

An unsaturated fatty acid with two or more carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C).

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How does double bond affect shape?

The double bond in an unsaturated fatty acid creates a 'bend' in the molecule's structure.

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How does unsaturation affect melting point?

Unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points compared to saturated fatty acids due to less efficient packing of molecules.

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Partial Hydrogenation

A process that converts some double bonds in an unsaturated fatty acid to single bonds by adding hydrogen.

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Trans Fat

A type of unsaturated fatty acid formed during partial hydrogenation, with a trans configuration at the double bond.

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Stratospheric Ozone

A layer in the Earth's atmosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, protecting life on Earth.

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Tropospheric Ozone

Ozone found in the lower atmosphere, near the Earth's surface. It is a harmful pollutant that can damage lungs and plants.

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Catalytic Converter

A device in vehicles that converts harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into less harmful gases.

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Ozone Formation

The process of creating ozone (O3) in the stratosphere when oxygen molecules (O2) are split by UV radiation and recombine with other oxygen atoms.

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Ozone Destruction

The process of breaking down ozone molecules (O3) by chemical reactions involving free radicals, such as chlorine from CFCs.

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Wavelength

The distance between two successive crests of a wave, such as light.

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Frequency

The number of waves passing a point per second.

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Ozone Hole

A region of the stratosphere with significantly depleted ozone levels, primarily over Antarctica.

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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Man-made chemicals that were widely used as refrigerants, propellants, and solvents, but are now known to deplete the ozone layer.

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Montreal Protocol

An international treaty signed in 1987 that aims to phase out the production of ozone-depleting substances, such as CFCs.

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Lewis Structure

A diagram that shows the bonding between atoms in a molecule, including the valence electrons.

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Greenhouse Effect

The process by which certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the Sun, warming the planet.

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Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapor (H2O).

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UV Radiation

Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun with wavelengths shorter than visible light. UV radiation can be harmful to living organisms.

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Free Radical

An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron, making it highly reactive.

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Complete Hydrogenation

A process that converts all double bonds in a fatty acid to single bonds, creating a saturated fat. This results in a straight chain structure.

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Cis-Trans Isomers

Different spatial arrangements of atoms around a double bond. Cis isomers have groups on the same side, while trans isomers have them on opposite sides.

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Glycogen

A highly branched polymer of glucose, used for short-term energy storage in animals. It's quickly broken down into glucose when needed.

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Starch

A branched polymer of glucose, used for energy storage in plants. It's a major component of our diet.

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Cellulose

A linear polymer of glucose, forming the structural component of plant cell walls. It is indigestible for humans.

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DNA Backbone

The structural framework of DNA, composed of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups.

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Protein Backbone

The structural framework of a protein, consisting of a linear chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

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Stoichiometry

The study of the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions. It helps us determine how much of a particular substance is needed or produced in a reaction.

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Unreactive elements

Elements that are generally unreactive because their atoms have a complete outer shell of electrons (octet), meaning they are stable and don't readily form bonds.

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Melanin

A pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. It also acts as a natural defense mechanism against harmful UV radiation from the sun.

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Ozone Steady State

The amount of ozone in the atmosphere remains relatively stable because ozone is constantly formed and destroyed at roughly equal rates.

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Carbon Cycle

The continuous movement of carbon atoms through different reservoirs (like the atmosphere, oceans, rocks, and living organisms) through processes like photosynthesis, combustion, and sedimentation.

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Molecular Shapes

The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule, which determines its properties and reactivity.

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Natural Aerosol Sources

Natural sources of aerosols (tiny particles suspended in the atmosphere), such as dust storms, ocean spray, and forest fires.

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Negative Radioactive Forcing

Factors that have a cooling effect on Earth's climate, caused by aerosols that reflect sunlight back into space.

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Ocean Acidification

The increasing acidity of ocean waters due to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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Functional Groups

Specific groups of atoms within a molecule that are responsible for its characteristic chemical properties, like polarity, reactivity, and bonding.

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Study Notes

Atmosphere as Natural Protection

  • Ozone layer is a region in the stratosphere with maximum ozone concentration.
  • Ozone has an odor, noticeable during severe lightning storms.
  • Ozone forms naturally and as a result of human activity.
  • High reactivity means ozone doesn't persist long.
  • Energy + 3O₂ → 2O₃ explains ozone formation from oxygen with high-energy electrical discharge.
  • Ozone is rare in the troposphere (closest to Earth's surface).
  • Ozone concentrations in the stratosphere are around 20-100 parts per billion (ppb).
  • Stratospheric ozone mostly filters UV light from the Sun.
  • About 90% of ozone is found in the stratosphere.

Ozone Decomposition in UV Light

  • Ozone protects from damaging solar radiation through electron interactions with matter and energy from the Sun.
  • Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shells, involved in covalent bonding.
  • Lewis structures illustrate molecules with bonds and lone pairs.
  • A single bond is 2 electrons, double bond 4, triple bond 6.
  • Octet rule: every atom shares 8 electrons.

Safety of Protective Ozone Layer

  • Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.
  • Covalent bonds involve the attraction between the atom's nucleus and electrons in other atoms.
  • Stratospheric ozone forms/decomposes naturally.
  • Ozone destruction involves reactions with water vapor and its breakdown products.
  • Free radicals are highly reactive chemical species with unpaired electrons.
  • Water (H₂O) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) naturally break down ozone in the stratosphere.
  • Ozone concentration is lower at the poles than at the equator.
  • Factors that increase ozone production include: increased UV radiation intensity, the sun directly overhead, and earth's proximity to the sun.
  • Nitrogen oxide (NO) and hydroxyl radical (OH) are radicals involved in ozone depletion.

Carbon Everywhere

  • The carbon cycle involves carbon-containing substances cycling through nature.
  • The largest carbon reservoir is rocks in the Earth's crust.
  • Other carbon reservoirs include the atmosphere, deposition from rainwater, and gases dissolved in the ocean.
  • Plants and animals contain carbon combined with other elements (O, H, N).
  • Carbon reservoirs exchange forms of carbon with each other.
  • The greenhouse effect is a natural process where atmospheric gases trap heat, increasing the planet's average temperature.
  • The greenhouse effect is essential for maintaining life on Earth.
  • Human activities increase greenhouse gases, significantly impacting climate.
  • Anthropogenic activities (industry, transportation, mining, and agriculture) increase atmospheric carbon.
  • IR radiation interacts with different molecules in various ways.

Exam #2 Study Notes

  • The greenhouse effect keeps Earth comfortable.
  • A large portion of sunlight reaches Earth's surface.
  • Categories of gases are collected in Earth's atmosphere.
  • More greenhouse gases (GG) trap more heat.
  • Too much GG can damage Earth.
  • Greenhouse gases to include are CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, F-gases (CFCs).
  • These gases trap heat near Earth's surface.

Final Study Guide

  • Matter can be pure substances (elements, compounds) or mixtures.
  • Elements are made of only one type of atom.
  • Compounds have fixed ratios of elements.
  • Mixtures have variable compositions.
  • Allotropes are different forms of the same element.
  • Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
  • Atoms stay the same in reactions.
  • Mass stays the same in reactions.
  • Smog is formed by reactions of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) reacting with nitrogen oxides in the air.
  • Air is a mixture.
  • Compounds are to elements as words are to letters.
  • Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb) are used to describe concentrations.
  • Particulate matter (PM) has different sizes, with smaller PM being more harmful.
  • Natural sources of PM2.5 include volcanic eruptions and wildfires.

Unit 2: Ozone

  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are used as propellants in aerosols.
  • CFCs in the stratosphere react with UV photons, producing a chlorine radical which destroys ozone.
  • The Montreal Protocol is an international agreement to ban ozone-depleting substances.
  • Chemical compounds have valence electrons.
  • The Lewis structure shows the bonds and lone pairs in a molecule.
  • Ozone holes are caused by a severe thinning of the ozone layer.

Unit 2: Greenhouse Effect

  • Greenhouse gases trap heat emitted from Earth and cause the average temperature to be higher than predicted.
  • More greenhouse gases lead to a higher surface temperature.
  • The different energy and wavelengths of UV radiation interacting with molecules can affect their ability to absorb energy.

Unit 3: Functional Groups

  • Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties which impact acidity and basicity.
  • Functional groups make molecules more polar (or less polar).
  • Similar structures mean similar functions.
  • All functional groups add polarity to a molecule.
  • Similar properties mean similar functionality in molecules.
  • Molecules with similar structures, shapes, and polarities tend to have similar functions.

Unit 4: Steroids

  • Steroids are a class of lipids that have a characteristic four-ring structure.
  • Cholesterol is a steroid found in animal cells.
  • Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms.
  • Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
  • Polyunsaturated fatty acids have many double bonds between carbon atoms.
  • Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains.
  • Partial hydrogenation converts some double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids to single bonds.
  • Complete hydrogenation converts all double bonds to single bonds.
  • Isomers of polyglucose include glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

Unit 4: DNA

  • DNA has a sequence of bases.
  • Atoms are held together by bonds.
  • The three-dimensional structure of DNA is a double helix.
  • DNA's backbones are made of phosphate and sugar (deoxyribose) molecules.

Other

  • Carbon Cycle (reservoirs).
  • Greenhouse effect.
  • Anthropogenic influence.
  • Ozone layer, formation, and decomposition.
  • Climate change, ozone depletion, and greenhouse effects.
  • Elements, compounds, and mixtures of matter.
  • Isotopes and allotropes; different forms of matter.
  • Chemical properties of covalent bonds, Lewis Structures.

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Description

Test your knowledge on environmental science topics related to climate change, ocean acidification, and the carbon cycle. This quiz covers various apects, including the role of melanin, the properties of elements, and greenhouse gases. Challenge yourself with questions that explore the fundamental concepts of ecology and chemistry.

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