Environmental Planning and Management Quiz

Lecture 1: Environmental Planning Concepts

• Ekistics is the study of human settlements (Constantino Doxiadis, Greek Planner)
• Man's needs include biological, emotional, moral values, and senses
• Society's elements are population, social classes, cultural patterns, economic development, education, health, and welfare
• The network consists of water supply, power, transportation, and communication systems
• Shell components include housing, community services, shopping centers, recreational facilities, civic & business centers, industry, and transportation centers, sewerage and drainage, physical layout

Definition of Planning

• Planning is a systematic process to establish goals (policies), gather and analyze facts, compare alternative proposals and programs, measure resources, establish priorities, and deploy resources to meet established goals.
• Understanding the types of decisions that need to be made.
• Assessing opportunities and limitations of the future.
• Identifying the short-term and long-term consequences of alternative choices.
• Relating alternative decisions to the goals and objectives of an area, agency or firm.
• Expressing this information to decision-makers in a readily understandable and useful form.

Definitions of Environmental Planning

• Concerned with society's stewardship of the Earth's resources.
• The environment provides basic life support and contributes to psychological well-being.
• Planning is a generic anticipation activity of the future.
• Seeks to improve and protect environmental quality for urban residents. This can be done through controlling pollution and segregating incompatible activities.

Definitions

• A process of facilitating decision-making for development.
• Natural environmental, social, political, economic, and governance factors are taken into consideration.
• Provides a holistic framework to achieve sustainable outcomes.

Republic Act 10587

• Environmental planning, also called urban and regional planning, city planning, town and country planning.
• A multi-disciplinary art and science analyzing, clarifying, harmonizing, managing, and regulating the use and development of land and water resources in relation to their environs.

The goal is to develop sustainable communities and ecosystems.

Objectives of Environmental Planning

• Provide good housing environments and living conditions
• Encourage appropriate business and industrial growth, and job creation
• Ensure good design standards
• Conserve the best of our natural environment and heritage
• Guide the use which land is situated
• Create sustainable and attractive places
• Reduce pollution and congestion and improve transport facilities

Components of Environmental Planning

• Hardware: The physical fabric of a city—infrastructure, buildings, railways, roads, ports, etc.
• Software: Rules, regulations, laws, legislation, ordinances, habits, ethics, and conduct codes.
• Heartware: Emotional mechanism, behavior, and conduct that determines an individual's needs, wants, and interaction with the environment.

Need for Environmental Planning

• Increased consumption of environmental resources
• Increased production of environmental wastes
• Increased environmental uncertainty

Mechanisms of Environmental Planning

• Command and control regulations (licenses, permits)
• Free market mechanisms (private use influenced by economic measures)
• Information and education
• State ownership
• Collaboration and negotiation

Nature and Scope Of Environmental Planning

• DYNAMIC: Changes overtime, technological change, and is responsive to new demands and needs.
• CYCLIC: An unending process, reflecting on goals and objectives being achieved.
• MULTI-DISCIPLINARY: Requires expertise from various areas like economics, engineering, sociology, architecture, law, and geography.
• CONTINUOUS: Preparing, approving, implementing, reviewing and evaluating plans, replanning based on new demands.
• TIME BOUND: Short, medium, and long-range plans and basis for review and assessment are included.
• COMPREHENSIVE: Covers all aspects of man, his environment, like- physical, social, economic, political, and administrative.

Levels of Planning

• Geographic Areas: National, Regional, Sub-Regional, Provincial, District, Metropolitan, City/Municipal, Barangay, Subdivision, and Campus
• Sectors: Tourism, Infrastructure, Industry, Residential/Housing, Agriculture, Economic, Transport-land, Communications, Utilities, Education, Environmental, Social Welfare, Natural Resources, Manpower, Health, Fiscal, Administrative, Land Resource, and Land Use
• Timeframe/ Duration Of Plan: Short term: 1-3 years; Medium Term: 3-7 years; Long Term: 10 years (CLUP), 30-50 years (Masterplan)

Contributions of Various Countries in Environmental Planning

• France: Regional Planning
• Germany: Decentralized planning; Zoning
• Scandinavia: City region concept; Finger plan and transport corridors
• Netherlands: Polycentric metropolis
• Spain: Plaza complex
• US: Water supply, sanitation, and drainage

Key Environmental Planners

• Ebenezer Howard (UK, 1800s): Solidified the new town and garden city concepts as an urban planning movement; introduced the green belt concept.
• Daniel Burnham (US, 1900s): City planning in Washington D.C., San Francisco, Chicago, Manila, and Baguio.
• Constantinos Doxiadis (1960s): Greek architect and town planner; Lead architect of Islamabad, Pakistan; father of Ekistics.
• Hugh Ferriss (1916): Setback Principle for skyscraper city planning.

Lecture 2: Environmental Planning Elements and Land Use and Zoning

• Explains mandatory, permissible, and optional environmental plan elements.
• Land use: distribution and intensity of land use; relevant to residential, commercial, and industrial purposes.
• Circulation: includes transportation routes, terminals, and local public utilities, with regard to land use
• Housing: considers existing and projected housing needs and their correlation to community needs.
• Conservation: addresses identification, and use of natural resources; may consider issues like flood control, water and air pollution, and other land use impact areas.
• Open space: includes plans and measures to preserve open space for natural resources, recreation, and public health and safety
• Noise: outlines noise problems, ways to minimize exposure, and measures to shield sensitive areas
• Safety: includes policies and programs to protect the community from hazards and issues, with regard to seismic, geologic, and wildlife issues.
• Optional element: includes details not detailed in the mandatory elements, like pollution, recreation, design, economic development, infrastructure, energy, and historic preservation.

Land Use Element

• Identifies how vacant properties will be developed and changed over time.
• Provides the central framework to correlate land-use issues into coherent development policies.
• Includes standards like population density and building intensity.

Circulation Element

• Identifies the location and extent of existing and proposed thoroughfares, transportation, routes and local public utilities
• Serves as an infrastructure plan and must be correlated with the land-use element
• Contains specific standards of operation (for example, traffic level of service), policies (such as promoting handicapped accessibility), and financing plans
• Includes public transit, bicycle facilities, parking, truck routes, sewage transport and treatment, electric and telephone transmission lines, drainage facilities, and waterways.

Housing Element

• Identifies and analyzes existing and projected housing needs.
• Outlines goals, policies, specific objectives, and schedules to preserve, improve, and develop housing.
• Includes an implementation program developed to meet the housing needs of all economic segments of the community
• Considers availability of suitable housing sites considering existing zoning and land-use restrictions.

Conservation Element

• Addresses identification, conservation, development, and use of natural resources like water, forests, soils, waterways, wildlife, and minerals deposits.
• May consider issues like flood control, water and air pollution, erosion or areas converted to agricultural uses and impact of mining and logging activities, and endangered species.
• Has the primary focus on natural resources.
• Includes policies to address conservation and development of mineral deposits, while balancing value of deposits against competing land uses to minimize impact.

Open-Space Element

• Includes plans and measures to preserve open space for natural resources, recreation use, and public health and safety.
• Aims to limit and conserve valuable open space areas discouraging premature or unnecessary conversion to urban or other non-contiguous uses.
• Prohibits any building permits, subdivision maps, and open-space ordinances that are inconsistent with the plan.

Noise Element

• Identifies and appraises noise problems in a community.
• Calculates current and projected noise levels associated with roadways, airports, industrial plants, etc.
• Outlines methods to minimize or mitigate the exposure of community residents to excessive noise through land use planning implementations.
• Includes possible solutions, such as sound barriers, operating hours restrictions for generators, design, and location of new roadways.

Safety Element

• Establishes policies/programs to protect the community from risks associated with seismic, geologic, flood, and wildlife hazards.
• Maps known hazards and includes important issues regarding emergency evacuation routes and water supply for fire fighting.
• May cover a broader range of safety-related issues like use, transport, and disposal of hazardous materials; power failure; vehicular accidents.

Optional (permissible) Element

• Includes elements that are not part of the mandatory elements, and may deal with pollution, recreation, design, economic development, infrastructure, energy, and historic preservation
• Provides a comprehensive approach for community planning, as well as uniquely addressing community concerns.

Linkage of Environmental Planning Elements with Environmental Factors

• A table outlining the relationship between specific environmental planning elements (e.g., land use, circulation) and environmental factors (e.g., air pollution, water, waste).

Land Use and Zoning

• A description determining how vacant properties will be developed over time, and public/private redevelopment efforts.
• Discusses the distribution and intensity of use for residential neighborhoods, commercial, employment and other use purposes, and government/institutional spaces.
• Explains the relationship between a city plan's land use policies, zoning, and the use of zoning ordinances to implement land use goals.
• Illustrates examples of focus areas for business activity, existing residential neighborhoods that show parks and similar open spaces/recreation amenities, and indicate sites for schools and other public uses.

Definition of Land Use

• A description of how vacant properties will be developed and changed, in terms of both private and public redevelopment efforts, and how it will modify existing uses of property citywide.

Purpose Of Land use element

• Determines the distribution and intensity of various development types in residential, commercial, employment districts, parks, and governmental use of land in a city or town.
• Defines the relationship between a city plan's land use policies and zoning.
• Expounds the ordinance's role in implementing land-use policies and goals.

Land Use Policy

• Illustrates focused areas for business activity.
• Identifies locations of neighborhood types, as well as for new housing, and areas for community parks/ recreation.
• Shows sites for schools and other public uses.

Residential Land Uses

• Low Density Residential (LDR): traditional single-family homes, generally detached with private yards
• Medium Density Residential (MDR): attached or detached units, typically ranging between 0 and 16 dwelling units per acre, open spaces, religious or educational institutions, or community care facilities.
• High Density Residential (HDR): typically apartments, condominiums, or townhouses with up to 25 units per acre, religious, educational or community care facilities.

Commercial Land Use

• Provides an overview of retail and service commerce, professional office uses, and regional shopping, suitable to city residents and businesses.
• Usually located on major thoroughfares.

Employment/ Technology Uses

• Commercial, light manufacturing, research and development, and professional office settings or business parks on lots individually developed.
• Educational facilities, like technical schools and related business facilities are appropriate.
• Warehousing, freight terminals, and heavy manufacturing is usually prohibited; wholesaling is permitted under regulations.

Public Facility

• Includes various public buildings, including City Hall, libraries, and police/fire stations.
• Quasi-public facilities, like utilities (water wells, reservoirs), and institutional uses (public/private schools).
• Includes utility easements for private nursery operations.

Open Space

• Includes all public parks, City-owned recreational facilities, public use facilities
• Includes specific uses, like public gymnasiums, multi-purpose community buildings, daycare/child care centers, and public service nature uses
• Defines that no density restrictions exist for this particular classification

Other Land Use Categories For Specific Areas

• Industrial areas
• Tourist areas
• Transportation/communication/utilities
• Agriculture
• Undeveloped areas

Concepts of Zoning

• Zoning is the division of a city or town into districts, with different regulations for buildings and structures that are based on their use and construction, as per the use of land in the district.
• Explains how zoning regulations regulate the type of buildings (e.g., commercial or residential), and their population density

Definition of Zoning

• The division of a city into districts using different regulations for buildings or structures in each district.
• Based on construction, nature, and extent of uses of the land, according to the type of building use and population density.
• Applied predominantly to urban areas and categorized into districts, each complying with zoning conditions for development and use of land and buildings.

Purpose of Zoning

• Aims at rationalizing land-use allocation and development.
• Primarily concerned with regulating the use of land and population density following the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP).
• Aims at the control of density of population, building heights, bulk, open space, and density provisions in a set area

Zoning Ordinance

• Various land uses within an ordinance are compatible with objectives, policies, general land uses, and general plans.
• Outlines how a zoning ordinance should be amended when inconsistent with the city plan.
• Specifies the implementation process of land use plans, zoning districts, boundaries, and regulations.

Purpose of Zoning Ordinances

• Specifies the types of buildings and structures permitted in each district.
• Regulates size, height, placement of buildings, parking, loading areas, and signs.
• Controls land division to preserve public health, safety, and general welfare, promote orderly growth and development, and preserve open spaces.
• Insures provision for traffic circulation, utilities, and services.

Sample Zoning Ordinance

• The resolution adopting a zoning ordinance for a city/ town.

Lecture 3: Environmental Planning Law

• Discusses an act regulating environmental planning and defines the practice aspects.

Coverage

• Examination, registration, and licensure of environmental planners
• Supervision, control, and regulation of environmental planning
• Curriculum development for environmental planning
• Planners' professional competence.

Definition of Terms

• Environmental planning, also known as urban and regional planning.
• Environmental planner and their qualifications
• Accredited Professional Organization (APO).

Scope of Practice

• Providing professional services relating to technical consultation, plan preparation, capacity building, and evaluation— covering national, regional, or local development, and various plans, such as zoning and ordinances, codes, and other legal issuances.
• Including managing, preserving, developing, and regulating the environment.
• Addressing specific needs, like economic or ecological zones, tourism, housing, and related projects.

Scope of Practice (cont'd)

• Pre-feasibility, feasibility studies, environmental assessments, and institutional/administrative/legal system studies are aspects of planning practice.
• Curriculum and syllabi development for environmental examinations, teaching in academic institutions, and conducting review courses.
• Serving as expert witnesses and instructors, conducting hearings and competitions.
• Ensuring compliance with relevant environmental laws and regulatory permits.

CHED Memo No. 60, s. 2017

• Policy, Standards, and Guidelines for Bachelor of Science in Environmental Planning (BSEP) program, to be followed.

First Year (48 Units)

• General Education (GE) and related courses that support a student's first year of environmental planning are listed by semester and course, with the associated number of units per course.

Second Year (40 Units)

• General Education (GE) and other courses that support environmental planning are listed by semester and course, with the associated number of units per course.

Third Year (38 Units)

• Courses focusing on economics, land use, transportation planning, international planning, public administration, and housing and settlements planning are listed by semester and course, along with the units per course.

Fourth Year (42 Units)

• Courses relating to Social Planning, building regulation, financial/fiscal planning, investment programming, environment investigation, and others focusing on Disaster Risk Reduction, and Climate Change Action are listed by semester and course, along with the units per course.

Year 5 - Specialization (37 Units)

• Courses related to physical planning, environmental design, environment policy, natural resources planning, environmental economics, and plan critique are listed—providing insight into the 5th-year specialized academic course sequence.

Subjects in the Board Exam

• Areas of the Board examination, including history, concepts, theories, environmental planning processes and strategies, environmental plan implementation, legal aspects and administration.
• These subject areas and syllabi include tables of specifications and topics conforming to the APO standards.

Examination Subjects

• Examination subjects are categorized into five major areas, covering Physical Planning (25%), Social Planning (20%).
• Economic Planning (20%), Planning Law and Administration (20%), and Special Planning Studies (15%).

Physical Planning

• City growth and spatial planning theories
• Evolution, concepts, and types of planning
• Land use planning and management
• Site analysis and site planning
• Space allocation of infrastructure and transport
• Natural and built environment preservation, conservation, and sustainable development

Social Planning

• Concepts, methods, and approaches to social planning
• Social service policy and planning (various sectors): population demgraphy, education and human resource development, housing and human settlements, health and nutrition, social welfare, protective services, culture, sports, and recreation.

Economic Planning

• Development planning theories
• Analytical tools (statistical, financial, economic) in urban and regional planning
• Policy, planning, and implementation of sub-sectors (Agriculture, fisheries, forestry; Industry; Trade; Tourism; Infrastructure services).

Planning Law and Administration

• Institutional framework for planning
• Tools for plan implementation and enforcement
• Planning standards, laws, rules, and regulations
• Certification of environmental planners

Special Planning

• Project planning and development
• Integration of physical and social-economic planning
• Area development planning
• Industrial estates/economic zones, agro-industrial, integrated area/integrated rural development
• New towns development Environmental impact studies

Qualifications of Examinees

• Qualifications for taking the examination, including citizenship/reciprocity for foreign citizens
• Required degrees from accredited institutions (e.g., environmental planning, urban/city, regional or town planning) or equivalent, plus required years of on-the-job training.
• Masters or doctorate degrees and related fields, plus years of appropriate on-the-job training, with time restrictions.
• Good moral character, and no criminal record (conviction).

Penalty

• Unlawful practices (e.g., engaging in environmental practice without being registered), providing forged documents, impersonating a registered environmental planner, or using a revoked or suspended registration/registration card.

Transitory Provisions

• Local government units have a 3-year period to continue appointing environmental planners.
• Interim board members continue and serve until new Board members are appointed.

Lecture 4: Environmental Management Planning (EMP)

• Definition of an environmental management plan.
• Objectives of an EMP, like protecting the environment, ensuring compliance with regulations, and allocating adequate resources to help manage environmental performance.

Scope of an EMP

• Description that covers the impact of project activities on the environment.
• Objectives that will be realized, including how they will be achieved, and the responsibilities.
• Communication and reporting processes, as well as the associated regulatory requirements, should be included..

Component

• Environmental Policy
• Legal and other requirements objectives
• Organizational structure and responsibility
• Training and awareness
• Communications
• Self-auditing and monitoring
• Document control
• Management review

Stakeholder Mapping

• Visual representation of stakeholders interested in a project or area, grouped into categories such as Authorities, Business Partners, Customers, and Influencers.

Steps in Preparing an EMP

• Steps involved in creating a statement of commitment.
• Steps to include legal requirements.
• Steps on developing work instructions and emergency responses.
• Steps to provide training.
• Steps involved in preparing a monitoring report and monitoring regularly.

Benefits of an Environmental Management Plan

• Improved environmental performance
• Increased efficiency/reduced costs
• Increased employee awareness
• Enhanced image with the public, regulators, lenders, investors/stakeholders

Triggers for Preparing an EMP

• Following an environmental impact report (EIA)
• Part of an environmental management system (EMS)
• Part of a comprehensive development or land-use plan

EMP as Part of Environmental Impact Reports

• Construction/contractors
• Social development
• Contingency/Emergency response plans
• Risk management programs
• Environmental plans, typically included in the report, deal with environmental issues (when applicable) and monitoring plans.

EMP as Part of IEE

• Summary matrix of proposed mitigation and enhancement measures,
• Brief discussion of mitigation measures
• Monitoring plan
• Contingency plan
• Institutional responsibilities and agreements

EMP as Part of Project Description

• Discussion on residual management schemes (air, water, and land)

EMP as Part of EMS (Environmental Management System)

• A strategic system that integrates environmental factors into business decision-making processes.
• Intended to help organizations understand environmental impact, and enhance their environmental performance through continuous improvement processes.

ISO 14001 elements

• Environmental policy
• Planning
• Implementation and Operation (Roles,responsibilities, training, communication, and reporting)
• Checking and Corrective Actions (monitoring, non-compliance management, and EMS audits.).
• Management Review

ISO 14001 Standard

• Most important standard in the ISO 14000 series.
• Specifications for environmental management systems (EMS) for small and large organizations.
• Based on the Plan-Check-Do-Review-Improve cycle.

Components of ISO 14001

• Environmental Policy
• Planning
• Implementation
• Checking and corrective actions
• Management review

Environmental Policy

• Policy statement signed by facility manager
• Continual improvement
• Pollution prevention
• Environmental compliance
• Identifies EMS framework and is publicly available

Planning

• Define environmental aspects
• Establish objectives/targets
• Identify legal requirements

Identifying Aspects and Impacts

• Table mapping out activities, aspects, and impacts for various project related aspects, such as oil spills, electricity consumption and release of VOCs

Universal Risk Management Hierarchy

• Hierarchy visually showing the most to least effective ways of handling risk, beginning with elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE).

Risk Matrix

• Likelihood and severity in a table format, assigning risks depending on probability and potential impact levels.

Significance Determination

• Prioritization system for significant issues using a point based system, categorizing them from low to extreme based on calculated priorities.

Implementation and Operation

• Define roles and responsibilities
• Provide EMS training
• Establish internal and external communication mechanisms and document control system
• Establish operational controls and procedures
• Integrate with or establish emergency preparedness procedures

Checking and Corrective Actions

• Conduct periodic monitoring— environmental
• Identify root causes— corrective and preventive actions— records
• Conduct periodic EMS audit

Management Review

• Ensure EMS continuing suitability, adequacy, and effectiveness
• Consider audit results and changing circumstances
• Address possible changes to policy and objectives

Benefits of an EMS

• Maintain compliance
• Reduce operating costs
• Integrate environmental programs into the mission
• Increase employee involvement
• Reduce environmental impacts

Lecture 5: Planning for Water Supply Systems

• Basic framework for planning water supply management.

Basic framework for planning water supply management

• Water uses
• Water classification
• Water sources
• Water quality standards
• Monitoring/surveillance
• Pollution control

Water Sources

• General sources (Groundwater, Surface water, rainwater, and reclaimed waste water)
• Types of sources (Rivers, brooks, springs, Natural lakes and lagoons, atmospheric water, Subterranean/ground waters, seawater, water in swamps)

Water Uses

• Domestic - drinking, washing, bathing, cooking
• Municipal - community needs
• Irrigation - agriculture
• Power generation
• Fisheries
• Livestock raising
• Industrial use (factories, plants, mines)
• Recreational use (swimming pools, boating, water-skiing, golf courses)

Water Classification (Freshwater)

• Class AA (Uninhabited, protected areas), Class A (Conventional treatment required), Class B (Recreational use for primary contact), Class C (Water for growth of aquatic resources), and Class D (Navigable waters)

Water Classification (Marine Water)

• Class SA (Protected waters)
• Class SB (Shellfish harvesting and intended spawning areas )
• Class SC (Primary contact recreation, ecotourism and recreational activities).
• Class SD (Navigable waters and declared fish/wildlife sanctuaries)

Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance

• Provides an overview of DENR Circular 98-06 methods and procedures for water quality monitoring.
• PD 856 requires a Local Health Authority and committee that oversees all operations.
• RA 9275 establishes a multi-sectoral group to establish water quality surveillance (schedule, sampling and other related issues)

Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water, 2017

• The DOH Administrative Order (2017-0010) details updated standards for drinking water in the Philippines
• Includes a rationale for the updates and the inter-agency effort and their collaboration with international organizations.

Classification of Drinking-Water Parameters

• Mandatory: For examination by water service providers
• Primary: Site-specific; Enforceable parameters that can be adopted by the local Water Quality Monitoring Committee (LDWQMC).
• Secondary: Parameters making water unusable for drinking, related to the efficiency of treatment processes.

Mandatory Parameters

• Fecal Coliform/E. coli
• Arsenic
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Nitrate
• Color
• Turbidity
• PH
• Total Dissolved Solids
• Residual Chlorine

Prevention and control of water pollution

• Water treatment - removal of contaminants to meet water or effluent standards.
• Water safety planning - managing contaminated drinking water
• Sanitation safety planning - managing waterborne pathogens in sanitation and wastewater systems
• Environmental sanitation – keeping the environment clean, free from contamination

Planning and Implementation

• Determine the uses of the system and corresponding water quality
• Describe where future expansions occur, and phases of construction
• Establish water demand
• Water supply system design
• Provide water treatment to meet the demand for required water quality
• Development of risk management systems
• Monitoring and surveillance for water quality
• Proficient staff and skills

Planning and Implementation (cont'd)

• Estimate time required for implementation, including construction
• Identify factors influencing the timing and methods of financing—like property tax increase, capital borrowing, levies, gas tax rebates, septic fees, utility rates, and building permit costs.

Information Needed

• Number of water sources (surface and groundwater)
• Safe yield, seasonal fluctuations, annual water use levels for each source.
• Location, capacity, current use, and age of water treatment plants— including disinfection/filtration process
• Average annual/peak water use by consumer type (residential, commercial, industrial, etc.)
• Location, capacity, current use, and type of water storage, and treated water
• Maximum contaminant levels (last three years)
• Location, capacity, current use, age, materials of the pumping, transmission, and water distribution systems
• Number and type of connections—population served and potential to connect to other water systems
• Water system size, ownership details, operator training, and approved operation/maintenance plans (up to date)
• Water system metering, rate structure, billing period, rate schedule
• Annual water system revenues, expenses, fixed assets, long-term debts, and contingency funds.
• Emergency response plans, including backup water systems.

Selected approach and improvements

• Describe necessary improvements addressing leaks and other damage, upgraded technologies and facilities, operations, enhancements, and risk management (e.g. sanitation)
• Implementing strategies to improve water production and dealing with failing components

Water Quality Management Options

• Describes the best-suited water quality management option and approach considering current and future needs.
• Explores various system types to manage quality, such as water treatment plants, sewage lagoons, etc.
• Compares different options based on geography, size, rate of growth, and capacity. Considers any limitations and includes how the community was consulted.

Budget Needed

• Discusses capital costs (fixed, one-time purchase expenses).
• Explains operation and maintenance costs—expenses related to staff, operations, and facilities.

Lecture 6: Planning for Wastewater Management Systems

• Current situation description—sources, volume, current systems, existing policies, guidelines, standards.
• Sources of wastewater (agricultural, domestic, industrial) and their descriptions.
• Annual wastewater volume estimates—current population, growth rate.
• Existing wastewater management systems—treatment plants, collection lines, routes, on-site systems (like tanks, fields, ejectors)
• Describes the condition and limitations of the systems along with potential public health issues.

Existing Policies, Guidelines, and Standards

• Updated regulatory requirements (PD 856, RA 9275, DAO 2016-08/2021-19)
• Includes cost implications for meeting requirements.
• Describes specific considerations for the design of wastewater treatment plants (e.g., effluent standards, body of water classification).

Projected Wastewater Management Needs

• Anticipated growth and development patterns in the area (demographics)
• Wastewater production, impacts on current systems.

Anticipated Growth and Development Pattern

• Demographic projections for the area.
• Anticipated residential, commercial, industrial/institutional growth.
• Impacts on existing systems.

Anticipated Volume of Wastewater

• Estimate wastewater production in the planning area.
• How it affects current systems (capacity).

Wastewater Management Requirements and Cost

• Types of wastewater management
• Approaches and necessary system improvements
• Cost implications for selecting an approach

Wastewater Management Options

• Various types of wastewater options and their suitability based on the following: geography, size, growth, and development, and financial capacity of the area.
• How the approach(es) relate to limitations and community consultation.

Planning, Implementation, and Financing

• Outline future facility expansion and phasing
• Estimated time to implement the plan, including construction
• Factors and considerations influencing timing and how to address them
• Methods of financing (e.g., property taxes, capital borrowing, levies, etc).

Lecture 7: Planning for Solid Waste Management

• Solid waste management plan includes a profile of the community, goals, objectives, an overview of existing systems, solid waste management alternatives, a discussion of related issues and uncertainties, and identified funding sources.

Purpose of the Solid Waste Management Plan

• Defines and understands waste management in place, identifies problems/deficiencies, opportunities, priorities, measures progress, identifies resources, develops budgets/schedules, and revisits/modifies priorities as needed
• Details the purpose/ need for a plan.

Key Steps: Profile of the Planning Area

• Location, history, population, economic profile, land use, physical characteristics (geology, hydrology, ecology, soil, climate).
• Institutional set-up (involved stakeholders), and regulatory instruments.

Key Steps: Define the Solid Waste Generators

• Examine all residential, commercial, and municipal solid waste generators.

Key Steps: Identify Existing Waste Management Practices

• Understand where waste goes currently, reusing and recycling programs, and waste entering and leaving the area

Key Steps: Conduct a Waste Assessment

• Determine quantity and composition of waste, potential costs, and details of waste composition.

Key Steps: Estimate Future Waste Generation Quantities

• Information on projected growth and future period should be used to calculate quantities

Key Steps: Develop Waste Handling Options

• This step considers possible methods (preventing, reducing, reusing, and recycling) based on cost effectiveness

Key Steps: Identify Existing Programs or Infrastructure

• Finding out where the nearest landfill is, if other LGUs export waste, if there are programs to combine efforts, and current regional or local disposal programs are run.

Key Steps: Develop Costs for Waste Handling Options

• Estimating the required costs to design/construct, facilities, operation, and maintenance related to waste disposal options, e.g., employees' salaries, building maintenance, equipment fuel, and other expenses.

Key Steps: Compare Options Based on Criteria

• Prioritizing waste management options based on factors—economic, environmental impacts, job creation, operational and maintenance, challenges, and regulatory requirements.

Lecture 8: Planning for Air Quality Management System

• Creating an inventory of polluting activities, monitoring air pollution parameters, and calculating pollution concentrations.
• Evaluating exposure and damage and estimating the effects of abatement/control measures.
• Establishing and improving air regulations and policy measures.

AQMP STEPS

• Goal Setting: identifying primary/secondary pollutants (health, environmental, climate change).
• Baseline Air Quality Assessment: inventory of polluting activities, and monitoring air quality
• Air quality management system (AQMS): Specific regulations and requirements.
• Intervention Strategies: assessing costs and benefits to develop action plans.
• Action plans: implement strategies, including zoning, permits, and emission testing.
• Evaluation and follow up: monitoring, measuring outcomes, and making necessary adjustments.

Goal Setting

• Identifying primary and secondary pollutants, assessing local/global issues, and considering health, environmental impact, and climate change concerns.

Baseline Air Quality Assessment

• Emission inventories for stationary, mobile, and biogenic sources
• Air quality monitoring and modelling

Control Options

• Detailed emission inventories and specifications with regard to national, regional, and municipal requirements; mobile source controls; and legally enforceable operation permits.
• Specific measures to avoid pollutants—pollution control devices—fuel injection systems, and pollution control devices— like carbon canisters and scrubbers.

Intervention Strategies

• Assessment of control options (practicality, economic, and political viability and costs).
• Cost-benefit analysis/ratios
• Development and implementation of action plans, including financing aspects.

Implementation Strategies

• Identifying sources, quantification(emission/air quality changes), and compliance strategies.
• Measures to handle regulations related to products and sources.

Evaluation of Changes and Impact Trends

• Expert institutions/training/tools
• Measurements/Models to evaluate effectiveness of control measures
• Surveillance techniques like monitoring downwind, air concentration monitoring, and implementing necessary changes.

Lecture 9: Introduction to Environmental Laws

• Environmental law is the collection of laws, regulations, agreements, and common laws governing human interaction with the environment to protect it
• Protect the environment, health aspects of the environment.

What Do Environmental Laws Regulate?

• Air quality: ozone, pollution
• Water quality: pollution, treatment, and handling
• Waste management: municipal, hazardous wastes,
• Contaminant cleanup: after pollution occurs.

Principles

• Precautionary principle: Avoid harm even with uncertainty.
• Prevention principle: Prevention of environmental harm is better/safer than reaction to/ after existing damage.
• Integration principle: Integrate environmental considerations into decision-making processes (jurisdictions, businesses).
• Public participation principle: Involve the public in environmental protection decisions.
• Polluter's pay principle: Polluters bear costs of managing pollution and preventing damage.
• Sustainable development: Economic growth while preserving the environment for future generations.

Types

• Prescriptive regulation (command and control): specifies behavior or technology standards
• Market-based policies (e.g., pollution charges, tradable permits, deposit-refund systems).
• Information-based approaches (e.g., right-to-know, eco-labeling).

International Environmental Law

• A branch of public international law created by States, intended to deal with environmental problems/ issues between countries
• Covers: biodiversity, climate change, ozone depletion, toxic substances, desertification, and water/marine resources, and air quality.

International Environmental Laws (cont'd)

• Includes opinions from International Courts/Tribunals
• Decisions have significant influence on the development of international environmental law to determine adequate compensation for environmental damage.
• Examples like the International Court of Justice, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, and regional treaty tribunals.

Multilateral Environmental Agreements

• Legally binding instruments between States to achieve environmental goals.
• Agreements use convention/treaty/agreement/protocol names, which do not change their legally binding nature—they are governed by international law.
• Some agreements (like multilateral environmental agreements) have updated appendices for the overseeing of the agreement (e.g., Conference of the Parties).

Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use

• Key agreements for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, including the Nagoya Protocol, Cartagena Protocol, Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, and the Ramsar Convention, particularly focused on waterfowl habitat.

Climate Change Response

• Key agreements regarding climate change, such as the Paris Agreement, Kyoto Protocol, and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Ozone Layer Protection

• Key agreements like the Montreal and Vienna Conventions related to ozone-layer protection.

Chemical and Waste Management

• Agreements cover various chemicals and waste management areas like mercury, persistent organic pollutants, hazardous chemicals/pesticides, transboundary shipments of hazardous waste.

Land and Water Management

• Conventions and agreements focus on non-navigational uses of international watercourses, desertification (UN Convention to Combat Desertification), and the law of the sea (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea)

Hierarchy Of Philippine Laws

• Hierarchy of Philippine law showing the constitutional, legislative, legal decision, and local/private level, all following the constitution.

Philippine Environmental Laws and Regulations

• Categor

Test your knowledge on key concepts related to environmental planning, including the land use element and Environmental Management Plans (EMP). This quiz covers definitions, components, and correlations within an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) context. Prepare to explore essential topics that shape effective environmental strategies.