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Stage 2. Ethical and aesthetic concerns inspired the preservation movement (Chapter I.2.3)

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Stage 2. Ethical and aesthetic concerns inspired the preservation movement (Chapter I.2.3)

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Questions and Answers

What does biocentric preservation emphasize?

The economic value of forests and rivers.

The inherent rights of other organisms to exist. (correct)

The aesthetic pleasure derived from landscapes.

The utility of nature for human purposes.

Which stance did John Muir take in relation to Gifford Pinchot's views?

He sought a compromise between their philosophies.

He supported Pinchot's utilitarian approach.

He ignored Pinchot's views entirely.

He opposed Pinchot's utilitarian approach. (correct)

What is the primary idea presented by Aldo Leopold regarding land?

Land should be seen only as a financial asset.

Care for the land is both a right and a practical necessity. (correct)

We should exploit land for maximum economic benefit.

Land ownership is an inherent human entitlement.

What did John Muir argue about the existence of nature?

Nature deserves to exist for its own sake. Signup and view all the answers

What key concept did Leopold introduce in his writings?

The concept of community connectedness to land. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following national parks did John Muir help establish?

Yosemite National Park Signup and view all the answers

What is noted about the National Park Service in relation to Muir's philosophy?

It has historically prioritized preservation of nature. Signup and view all the answers

How did Muir view the relationship between humans and other organisms?

Humans are just one part of a larger ecological system. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

John Muir's Environmental Philosophy

Muir strongly opposed Pinchot's utilitarian approach to natural resources.
He advocated for the intrinsic value of nature, emphasizing aesthetic and spiritual values.
Muir's perspective, called biocentric preservation, highlights the rights of all organisms to exist.
He argued that nature's purpose extends beyond human use.
He championed the protection of California's wild lands, including sequoia forests.
Muir fought for Yosemite and Kings Canyon National Parks.

The National Park Service

The National Park Service, established in 1916, prioritizes preserving nature.
It was initially headed by Muir's disciple Stephen Mather.
The Park Service often differed with Pinchot's utilitarian Forest Service.

Aldo Leopold's Stewardship Approach

Aldo Leopold, a wildlife ecologist, practiced land stewardship.
He restored a depleted farm in Wisconsin, planting trees.
Leopold's work led to A Sand County Almanac.
He argued that land should be viewed as a community, fostering love and respect.
He proposed the "land ethic" as a moral imperative to care for the environment.