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Questions and Answers
What is effective rainfall in the context of certain procedures?
What is effective rainfall in the context of certain procedures?
Which branch of hydrology is primarily concerned with engineering applications?
Which branch of hydrology is primarily concerned with engineering applications?
What is an ephemeral stream?
What is an ephemeral stream?
What does the envelope curve represent in hydrology?
What does the envelope curve represent in hydrology?
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What is the purpose of an evaporimeter?
What is the purpose of an evaporimeter?
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Which description best fits extreme rainfall?
Which description best fits extreme rainfall?
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What is meant by the term 'evapotranspiration'?
What is meant by the term 'evapotranspiration'?
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What defines an experimental basin in hydrology?
What defines an experimental basin in hydrology?
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What is meant by a recession in hydrology?
What is meant by a recession in hydrology?
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Which term describes the long-term average interval of time within which a certain event will occur, such as a flood peak discharge?
Which term describes the long-term average interval of time within which a certain event will occur, such as a flood peak discharge?
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What does a rating curve (or rating table) represent?
What does a rating curve (or rating table) represent?
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In hydrology, what is a representative basin used for?
In hydrology, what is a representative basin used for?
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How is the peak rate of storm runoff estimated using the rational method?
How is the peak rate of storm runoff estimated using the rational method?
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What describes the concept of remote sensing in hydrology?
What describes the concept of remote sensing in hydrology?
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Which term refers to the mathematical representation of the behavior of a hydrological system due to specified input?
Which term refers to the mathematical representation of the behavior of a hydrological system due to specified input?
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What is reservoir routing primarily used for?
What is reservoir routing primarily used for?
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What does the term 'actual evapotranspiration' refer to?
What does the term 'actual evapotranspiration' refer to?
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What is the significance of the 'annual maximum series' in hydrology?
What is the significance of the 'annual maximum series' in hydrology?
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Which of the following best describes 'advection'?
Which of the following best describes 'advection'?
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What does 'annual storage capacity' refer to?
What does 'annual storage capacity' refer to?
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In hydrology, what is indicated by the 'antecedent precipitation index'?
In hydrology, what is indicated by the 'antecedent precipitation index'?
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What is 'annual runoff' specifically referring to?
What is 'annual runoff' specifically referring to?
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How is the 'active basin area' defined?
How is the 'active basin area' defined?
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What does the term 'annual series' refer to in hydrology?
What does the term 'annual series' refer to in hydrology?
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What does skewness indicate in a frequency or probability distribution?
What does skewness indicate in a frequency or probability distribution?
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What is the purpose of a staff gauge in a water body?
What is the purpose of a staff gauge in a water body?
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Which term describes the relationship between stage and discharge at a river cross section?
Which term describes the relationship between stage and discharge at a river cross section?
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What does the standard error of estimate measure?
What does the standard error of estimate measure?
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What is a standard project flood?
What is a standard project flood?
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What characterizes a stationary process in statistics?
What characterizes a stationary process in statistics?
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How is a standardized variate achieved?
How is a standardized variate achieved?
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What is the standard deviation commonly used to measure?
What is the standard deviation commonly used to measure?
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What is the purpose of continuous or frequent standardized measurement in environmental surveillance?
What is the purpose of continuous or frequent standardized measurement in environmental surveillance?
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What does the multi-annual mean represent?
What does the multi-annual mean represent?
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Which method involves measuring discharge from a boat while traversing the stream?
Which method involves measuring discharge from a boat while traversing the stream?
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What is the primary focus of multiple regression analysis?
What is the primary focus of multiple regression analysis?
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How is multi-annual storage capacity defined?
How is multi-annual storage capacity defined?
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What type of flow is referred to as 'natural flow'?
What type of flow is referred to as 'natural flow'?
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Which of the following accurately describes the normal hydrological value?
Which of the following accurately describes the normal hydrological value?
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Which statement best describes multiple correlation?
Which statement best describes multiple correlation?
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Study Notes
Surveillance
- Involves frequent standardized measurement and observation of the environment
- Used for warning and control
Moving Boat Method
- Measures discharge from a boat by traversing the stream along the measuring section
- Continuously measures velocity, depth, and distance travelled
Multi-annual Mean
- Arithmetic mean of data occurrences over multiple years
- Calculated for a specific date or period within the year
- Example: Multi-annual mean monthly discharge for April
Multi-annual Storage
- Volume of water that can be stored in a reservoir to cope with variations in inflow and demand over multiple years
- Synonymous with multi-annual storage capacity
Multiple Correlation
- Synonymous with multiple regression
- Interdependence of more than two variables
Multiple Correlation Coefficient
- First product-moment correlation between the actual values of the "dependent" variate in multiple regression and the values given by the regression equation
- Synonymous with correlation coefficient and covariance
Multiple Regression
- Regression of a "dependent" variate on more than one "independent" variate
- Synonymous with multiple correlation
Muskingum Method
- Approximate hydrological method of flood routing
- Based on the equation of continuity for a reach and a storage equation expressing the linear dependence of the water volume in the reach on the weighted inflow and outflow discharges
Natural Flow
- Flow in a stream under natural conditions
Normal Distribution
- Mathematically defined, symmetrical, bell-shaped, continuous probability distribution
- Traditionally assumed to represent random errors
- Synonymous with Gaussian distribution
Normal Hydrological Value
- Mean value of a hydrological characteristic taken over a period selected by consensus
- Mean over any longer period does not significantly differ
Accumulative Precipitation Gauge
- Precipitation gauge used at stations visited only at long-spaced time intervals
Active Basin Area
- Basin area excluding undrained parts
Actual Evaporation
- Quantity of water evaporated from an open water surface or from the ground
Actual Evapotranspiration
- Sum of the quantities of water evaporated from the soil and the plants when the ground is at its natural moisture content
Advection
- Process of transfer of air-mass properties by the velocity field of the atmosphere
Altitude
- Vertical distance of a level, a point or an object from mean sea-level
Annual Exceedence Series
- Series of values of independent events, such as floods, occurring above a base value
- Number of values in the series equals the number of years of the record
Annual Flood
- Highest peak discharge in a water year
- Flood that has been equalled or exceeded once each year on average
Annual Flow
- Total volume of water that flows during a year
- Usually refers to the outflow of a drainage area or river basin
Annual Maximum Series
- Extreme-value series with largest annual values
Annual Minimum Series
- Extreme-value series with smallest annual values
Annual Runoff
- Total volume of water that flows during a year
- Usually refers to the outflow of a drainage area or river basin
Annual Series
- Hydrological series with terms representing some characteristic or element for each of a series of years
Annual Storage
- Volume of water that can be stored in a reservoir to cope, partly or completely, with seasonal variations in inflow and demand
Annual Storage Capacity
- Volume of water that can be stored in a reservoir to cope, partly or completely, with seasonal variations in inflow and demand
Antecedent Precipitation Index
- Weighted summation of past daily precipitation amounts, used as an index of soil moisture
Elevation
- Vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea-level
Empirical Flood Formula
- Formula expressing peak discharge as a function of catchment area and other factors
Engineering Hydrology
- Branch of applied hydrology dealing with hydrological information intended for engineering applications (planning, design, operation, and maintenance)
- Example: Design and operation of engineering measures and structures
Envelope Curve
- Smooth curve representing the boundary within which all or most of the known data points are contained
Enveloping Curve
- Smooth curve representing the boundary within which all or most of the known data points are contained
Ephemeral Stream
- Stream which flows only in direct response to precipitation or the flow of an intermittent spring
Estuary
- Generally broad portion of a stream near its outlet
Evaporation
- Emission of water vapour by a free surface at a temperature below the boiling point
- Amount of water evaporated
Evaporimeter
- Instrument for measuring the amount of water evaporated into the atmosphere during a given time interval
Evapotranspiration
- Quantity of water transferred from the soil to the atmosphere by evaporation and plant transpiration
Expected Value
- Best approximation of the true value
- Usually the mean of several or many computations, estimates, or measurements
Experimental Basin
- Basin where natural conditions are deliberately modified to study the effects of these modifications on the hydrological cycle
Experimental Watershed
- Synonymous with experimental basin
Extreme Rainfall
- Statistical (physical) upper limit of precipitation for a given duration over a particular basin
Extreme Value Distribution
- Probability distribution of the largest (smallest) observation in a sample
- Common distributions: FrŽchet, Gumbel and Weibull
Extreme Value Series
- Hydrological series including the largest or smallest values, with each value selected from an equal time interval in the record
Rate of Flow
- Volume of water flowing through a river (or channel) cross-section in unit time
Rating Curve
- Curve showing the relation between stage and discharge of a stream at a hydrometic station
- If digitized, it is a rating table
Rational Method
- Formula estimating the peak rate of storm runoff
- Product of the catchment area, a peak rate of rainfall, and a runoff coefficient
Recession
- Period of decreasing discharge, as indicated by the falling limb of a hydrograph starting from the peak
Recording Rain Gauge
- Instrument recording the depth of water from precipitation over time
Recurrence Interval
- Long-term average interval of time or number of years within which an event will be equalled or exceeded (e.g. flood peak discharge)
Regional Analysis
- Extension of the results of the analysis of point data to a region
Regression Coefficient
- Coefficient of an independent variate in a regression equation
- For a first degree linear regression, the slope of the regression line
Regression Curve
- Diagrammatic exposition of a regression equation, generally referring to a linear regression
- Synonymous with regression line
Remote Sensing
- Measurement or acquisition of information on some property of an object or phenomenon by a recording device that is not in physical contact with the object under study
Representative Basin
- Basin permitting the study of the hydrological cycle in a characteristic natural region by the simultaneous observation of climatic and hydrometric data
- Basin where intensive hydrological studies are conducted under relatively unchanged conditions
- Basin in which hydrological stations are installed to obtain measurements representing a broad area
Reservoir Routing
- Technique used to compute the movement and change of shape of a flood wave moving through a river reach or a reservoir
Response Function
- Mathematical representation of the behaviour of a (hydrological) system due to a specified input
Simulation
- Reproduction or representation of an event or sequence of related events in a model
Skewness
- Asymmetry in a frequency or probability distribution
Spillway Design Flood
- Flood used for the design of a dam spillway
- Maximum flood flow that could be passed without damage or serious threat to the stability of engineering structures
Staff Gauge
- Graduated scale used to indicate the level of the water surface in a stream channel, reservoir, lake, etc.
Stage
- Vertical distance of the water surface of a stream, lake, reservoir (or groundwater observation well) relative to a gauge datum
Stage Gauge
- Graduated scale used to indicate the level of the water surface in a stream channel, reservoir, lake, etc.
Stage Hydrograph
- Graph showing the variation in time of some hydrological data (stage, discharge, velocity, sediment load, etc.)
- Hydrograph is mostly used for stage or discharge
Stage-Discharge Relation
- Relation between stage and discharge at a river cross-section
- May be expressed as a curve, table, or equation(s)
Standard Deviation
- Widely used measure of dispersion of a frequency distribution or of a set of values
- Positive square root of the variance
Standard Error
- Positive square root of the variance of the sampling distribution of a statistic
Standard Error of Estimate
- Expression for the standard deviation of the observed values about a regression line
- An estimate of the variation likely to be encountered in making predictions from the regression equation
Standard Project Flood
- Discharge that may be expected from the most severe combination of meteorological and hydrological conditions considered reasonably characteristic of the geographical region involved
- Excludes extremely rare combinations
Standardized Variate
- Value of a variate reduced to standardized form (zero mean, unit variance) by subtracting the population or sample mean and then dividing by the population or sample standard deviation.
Stationary Process
- A stochastic process whose probability distribution is completely independent of time
- Also referred to as stationary in the wide sense (or to the second order) if the mean and variance are independent of time
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in environmental measurement techniques, including standardized observation methods, discharge measurement using the Moving Boat Method, and calculations of multi-annual means and storage. Additionally, it explores the relationship between multiple variables through correlation and regression. Test your understanding of these essential environmental monitoring tools!
