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Questions and Answers
What does the multiple regression analysis involve?
What does the multiple regression analysis involve?
- Analysis of variables without any dependents
- Interdependence of only two variables
- Regression of a dependent variable on more than one independent variable (correct)
- Regression of a dependent variable on one independent variable
What is the purpose of the Muskingum method?
What is the purpose of the Muskingum method?
- To measure discharge from a boat
- To determine the storage capacity of reservoirs
- To approximate flood routing (correct)
- To calculate the natural flow of a stream
How is the multi-annual mean calculated for a specific month?
How is the multi-annual mean calculated for a specific month?
- Sum of all yearly discharges for that month
- Sum of all daily mean discharges for that month divided by the number of days
- Arithmetic mean of all monthly mean discharges for that month over multiple years (correct)
- Mean value of the maximum discharges recorded in that month
What is indicated by the normal hydrological value?
What is indicated by the normal hydrological value?
What does the term 'natural flow' refer to?
What does the term 'natural flow' refer to?
What is a characteristic of normal distribution?
What is a characteristic of normal distribution?
What does the multiple correlation coefficient measure?
What does the multiple correlation coefficient measure?
What does multi-annual storage capacity refer to?
What does multi-annual storage capacity refer to?
What defines the median in a continuous frequency distribution?
What defines the median in a continuous frequency distribution?
What does the term 'medium-term hydrological forecast' refer to?
What does the term 'medium-term hydrological forecast' refer to?
In discrete data distributions, which term refers to the value that occurs most frequently?
In discrete data distributions, which term refers to the value that occurs most frequently?
What is the role of model calibration in hydrology?
What is the role of model calibration in hydrology?
What does the term 'minimum annual discharge' refer to?
What does the term 'minimum annual discharge' refer to?
Which of the following describes a moment in statistical terms?
Which of the following describes a moment in statistical terms?
What is meteorology primarily concerned with?
What is meteorology primarily concerned with?
Which statement accurately describes the process of model fitting?
Which statement accurately describes the process of model fitting?
What does the peaks-over-threshold series refer to?
What does the peaks-over-threshold series refer to?
What is the peak-to-mean flow ratio used to compare?
What is the peak-to-mean flow ratio used to compare?
Which instrument is used to measure the depth of precipitation?
Which instrument is used to measure the depth of precipitation?
What does potential evapotranspiration indicate?
What does potential evapotranspiration indicate?
What is the primary focus of potamology?
What is the primary focus of potamology?
What is defined as probable maximum precipitation (PMP)?
What is defined as probable maximum precipitation (PMP)?
Which of the following best describes a polder?
Which of the following best describes a polder?
What is persistence in hydrology referring to?
What is persistence in hydrology referring to?
What is the definition of precipitation intensity?
What is the definition of precipitation intensity?
Which type of station is designated specifically for observing precipitation?
Which type of station is designated specifically for observing precipitation?
What does the term 'probable maximum precipitation' (PMP) refer to?
What does the term 'probable maximum precipitation' (PMP) refer to?
What is the function of a psychrometer?
What is the function of a psychrometer?
Which of the following best describes a primary station?
Which of the following best describes a primary station?
What defines a propeller-type current meter?
What defines a propeller-type current meter?
How is pulse dilution gauging utilized in hydrometrics?
How is pulse dilution gauging utilized in hydrometrics?
What does probability distribution indicate?
What does probability distribution indicate?
What is a twin-gauge station primarily used for?
What is a twin-gauge station primarily used for?
What does a unit hydrograph represent?
What does a unit hydrograph represent?
What is urban hydrology concerned with?
What is urban hydrology concerned with?
What does the term 'variable' refer to in mathematics?
What does the term 'variable' refer to in mathematics?
How is variance defined?
How is variance defined?
What does the velocity-area method measure?
What does the velocity-area method measure?
What is a V-notch weir?
What is a V-notch weir?
What does the concept of water balance entail?
What does the concept of water balance entail?
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Study Notes
Continuous Measurement
- Surveillance - Continuous measurement used for warning and control.
- Moving Boat Method - Measuring discharge from a boat by measuring velocity, depth, and distance traveled.
Multi-Year Data
- Multi-annual Mean - The average of a hydrological quantity over several years.
- Multi-annual Storage/Capacity - Volume of water a reservoir can store to cope with variations in inflow and demand over several years.
Relationships Between Variables
- Multiple Correlation - The relationship between multiple variables.
- Multiple Correlation Coefficient - Shows the relationship between a dependent variable and multiple independent variables.
- Multiple Regression - Examining how a dependent variable is affected by multiple independent variables.
Flood Routing
- Muskingum Method - An approximate method for routing floods based on the equation of continuity and a storage equation.
Natural Flow
- Natural Flow - Flow in a stream without human interference.
Distribution Concepts
- Normal Distribution - A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution often used to represent random errors.
- Median - The value that divides a distribution in half, so half the values are above and half are below.
- Mode - The most frequent value in a distribution.
Forecasting
- Medium-Term Hydrological Forecast - A forecast for 2 to 10 days into the future.
Measuring Precipitation
- Meteorological Radar - Used to detect and quantify precipitation.
- Pluviometer/Raingauge - An instrument that measures precipitation depth.
- Precipitation Intensity - Amount of precipitation collected per unit time.
- Precipitation Station - A location where only precipitation observations are made.
- Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) - The statistically-derived maximum precipitation for a given duration and location.
Water Level Measurement
- Point Gauge - An adjustable gauge used to measure water level.
Data Types
- Point Data - Observations taken at a specific location.
- Point Precipitation - Precipitation measured at a particular site.
Controlled Areas
- Polder - A low-lying area protected from surrounding water with a controlled water table.
River Study
- Potamology - The study of streams and their dynamics.
Evaporation
- Potential Evaporation - The maximum amount of water that could evaporate from a surface in given conditions.
- Potential Evapotranspiration - The maximum amount of water that could evaporate from a well-watered surface with vegetation.
Streamflow Measurement
- Minimum Annual Discharge/Flow - The lowest discharge in a stream during a hydrological year.
- Peak-to-Mean Flow Ratio - The ratio of the peak discharge to the average discharge in a hydrograph.
- Pulse Dilution Gauging - A method of measuring discharge using a tracer to track flow.
Station Types
- Primary Station - A hydrometric station with long-term, consistent data collection.
- Twin-Gauge Station - Used to measure water level slopes.
Hydrograph
- Unit Hydrograph - The hydrograph of direct runoff generated by a unit amount of rainfall over a specified period.
Urban Hydrology
- Urban Hydrology - The study of water in urban areas, which is influenced by impervious surfaces.
Statistical Concepts
- Probabilistic Process - A process where probabilities are taken into account.
- Probability - The chance of something happening.
- Probability Distribution - Shows the probability of different values occurring in a distribution.
- Probability of Forecast - The likelihood of the accuracy of a forecast.
- Probability Paper - Graph paper designed to visualize probability distributions.
- Persistence - Continued or recurring occurrences of a process.
Velocity Measurement
- Propeller-Type Current Meter - A current meter with a propeller that rotates in the water.
- Velocity Curve - Shows the distribution of velocity in a stream.
- Velocity-Area Method - A method of measuring stream discharge by measuring velocity and area.
- Velocity-Contour Method - A method that uses isovels (lines of equal velocity) to calculate discharge.
Weir Structures
- V-Notch Weir - A sharp-crested weir with a V-shaped notch used for flow measurement.
Water Cycle Concepts
- Water - A chemical compound consisting of hydrogen and oxygen.
- Water Balance - An accounting of water inputs, outputs, and storage in a given area.
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