Environmental and Nutritional Diseases

Viral hepatitis is the most common infection among non-addicted persons.

Methamphetamine is known as 'speed' or 'meth' and produces a feeling of euphoria.

MDMA (3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is also known as marijuana.

The beneficial effects of marijuana include potential use to treat nausea secondary to cancer chemotherapy and as an agent capable of decreasing pain in some chronic conditions.

PCP (phenylcyclidine) is an anesthetic agent used in animal surgery.

Chronic inhalation of vapors of spray paints, paint thinners, and some glues can cause cognitive abnormalities and mild to severe dementia.

A laceration is a wound produced by a sharp instrument.

Gunshot wounds demonstrate powder burns regardless of the distance from which the bullet was fired.

The most common cause of mechanical injury is sports accidents.

Full-thickness burns extend to the epidermis.

Full-thickness burns can involve damage to subcutaneous tissue only.

Burns involving more than 20% of the body surface can lead to hypervolemic shock.

Protein from the blood is gained into the interstitial tissue in burn patients.

The resting metabolic rate remains the same even if more than 40% of the body surface is burned.

The burn site creates an environment that prevents the growth of microorganisms.

Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria are not commonly found in burn patients.

Gangrene of toes or feet can develop during the period of ischemia.

High-voltage currents are typically found in homes and workplaces.

Alternating current is more likely to cause paralysis of medullary centers and extensive burns.

Exposure to high-voltage magnetic fields has been linked to an increased risk of skin cancer.

Non-ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms.

Microwave radiation can interfere with cardiac pacemakers.

Thermal injury can cause septic shock with renal failure and/or the acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Early excision and grafting of the burn wound can prevent sepsis.

Lipid-soluble gases can cause inflammation and swelling in the upper airways.

Full-thickness burns are pink or mottled with blisters and are painful.

Heat cramps result from excessive sweating.

Heat exhaustion is the most common hyperthermic syndrome.

Heat stroke is associated with low ambient temperatures and low humidity.

Hyperkalemia is a rare complication of heat stroke.

Hypothermia can cause direct injury by disrupting cellular function.

Prolonged exposure to high ambient temperature leads to hypothermia.

Undernutrition is the leading cause of death globally.

Tobacco smoking is responsible for 50% of lung cancers.

Vitamin deficiencies can lead to diseases such as diabetes and hypertension.

Climate change will decrease the incidence of respiratory diseases.

Mercury has four forms: metallic, inorganic, organic, and radioactive.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogens and progesterone decreases the risk of breast cancer.

Lead interferes with normal bone remodeling and causes decreased bone density.

Cadmium is generated by mining, electroplating, and production of nickel-cadmium batteries and contaminates air and water.

Acute alcoholism leads to liver damage, including cirrhosis, but not fatty change or hepatitis.

Infectious diseases are leading causes of death in developed countries.