Enteral Nutrition: Types and Safety

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Questions and Answers

Which action is most crucial for the RN to undertake to ensure the safe and accurate administration of prescribed enteral feedings?

  • Ensuring prescription feedings are administered safely and accurately. (correct)
  • Mixing medications directly into the enteral feeding formula for ease of administration.
  • Allowing family members to administer enteral nutrition at home without RN supervision.
  • Delegating the task of administering enteral feeding to assistive personnel (AP) after client assessment.

Why is it essential to avoid mixing medications directly into the enteral feeding formula?

  • It enhances the absorption rate of the medication, improving its effectiveness.
  • It guarantees the medication is evenly distributed throughout the feeding.
  • It simplifies the administration process and ensures the client receives all medications.
  • It can alter the medication's action or cause the feeding tube to become blocked. (correct)

When reviewing a client's medical record prior to administering enteral nutrition, which laboratory values would be most important for the nurse to note to ensure client safety and efficacy of the feeding?

  • Liver enzymes (AST, ALT) and bilirubin to assess hepatic function.
  • Blood glucose, electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, CBC, and differential to evaluate metabolic and nutritional status. (correct)
  • PT, INR, and platelet count to assess for bleeding risk.
  • Arterial blood gases (ABGs) to assess respiratory and acid-base balance.

Before initiating an enteral feeding, the nurse assesses the client for gastrointestinal function alterations. Which finding would necessitate delaying the feeding and immediately notifying the provider?

<p>The presence of abdominal distension and absent bowel sounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nurse is preparing to administer an enteral feeding via a nasogastric tube. After confirming the provider's order and gathering supplies, what is the MOST important step to take prior to initiating the feeding?

<p>Confirming tube placement using two accepted methods, such as pH testing of aspirated contents and verification of the external tube marking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rationale behind elevating the head of the bed to 30-45 degrees before and during the administration of enteral feeding?

<p>To decrease the risk of reflux and potential aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After confirming the correct placement of a nasogastric tube, the nurse aspirates gastric contents to measure the pH. What pH reading would indicate appropriate placement of the tube in the stomach?

<p>A pH of 5.0 or less, confirming the tube is in the acidic environment of the stomach. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to flush the feeding tube with 30 to 50 mL of water before and after administering an enteral feeding?

<p>To help prevent occlusions and assess for tube patency, ensuring proper administration of the feeding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When administering an enteral feeding via syringe, what technique should the nurse employ to ensure the client's safety and tolerance of the feeding?

<p>Allow the formula to drain by gravity into the client, ensuring slow and controlled administration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the administration of an enteral feeding, what is the recommended position for the client and why?

<p>Right side, slightly upright, or in Fowler’s position, to minimize the risk of reflux, vomiting, and aspiration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What special consideration should the nurse keep in mind when administering enteral nutrition to neonatal and pediatric clients?

<p>Adjusting nutritional needs based on weight and age, and using minimal flush volumes to prevent feeding intolerance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client receiving continuous enteral feedings suddenly develops signs of aspiration, including decreased oxygen saturation, coughing, and wheezing. What is the priority nursing intervention?

<p>Stopping the feeding, positioning the client on their side with the head of the bed elevated, and suctioning the airway as needed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During continuous enteral feeding, the nurse discovers that the feeding tube is obstructed. Initial attempts to flush the tube with warm water are unsuccessful. What is the MOST appropriate next step?

<p>Consulting facility policy or the provider regarding using a product formulated to unclog the tube. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While administering an enteral feeding, the nurse inadvertently connects the enteral tubing to the client’s IV catheter. What is the immediate next step the nurse should take?

<p>Notify the rapid response team and the provider immediately. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When documenting enteral feeding administration, what information is essential to include in the client's medical record to ensure comprehensive and accurate data?

<p>Confirmation of tube placement, date and time of feeding, type of formula, volume, rate, mode of delivery, flush type and amount, and the client’s response to the feeding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary rationale for changing enteral feeding bags and tubing every 24 hours?

<p>To reduce the risk of bacterial growth and subsequent infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the nurse do with the enteral feeding bag after spiking it but before connecting it to the feeding tube?

<p>Prime the feeding bag and tubing to prevent air from being introduced into the stomach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nurse is caring for a patient receiving enteral nutrition and notes the patient has developed diarrhea. What is the most appropriate initial nursing intervention?

<p>Assess for potential causes such as medication side effects or contamination, and consult with the healthcare provider. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When initiating enteral nutrition for a patient, what is the importance of starting with a lower rate and gradually increasing it?

<p>To assess the patient's tolerance and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal distress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most reliable method to verify the correct placement of a nasogastric tube immediately after insertion and before initiating enteral feeding?

<p>Obtaining an X-ray to confirm the tube's position. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient receiving enteral nutrition develops a fever, and the nurse suspects a possible infection. What is the most appropriate and immediate nursing action?

<p>Assess the patient for other signs of infection, notify the healthcare provider, and prepare for possible blood cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A home health nurse is teaching a patient's family how to administer enteral feedings. What is the most critical instruction to emphasize regarding infection control?

<p>Washing hands thoroughly before handling any equipment or formula. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective intervention to prevent aspiration in a patient receiving intermittent bolus enteral feedings?

<p>Elevating the head of the bed to at least 30 degrees during and for at least 30-60 minutes after the feeding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a patient receiving continuous enteral nutrition, which electrolyte imbalance is the nurse most vigilant about monitoring?

<p>Hypophosphatemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When administering medications through an enteral feeding tube, why is it essential to flush the tube before and after medication administration?

<p>To maintain patency of the tube and prevent medication residue buildup. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nurse is assessing a patient receiving enteral nutrition and notes edema in the lower extremities. What potential complication should the nurse suspect?

<p>Fluid volume overload (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important consideration when selecting the type of enteral formula for a patient?

<p>The patient's individual nutritional needs and medical condition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a patient with a J-tube, what is a major difference in administration compared to a G-tube?

<p>J-tubes require continuous infusion due to the location in the small intestine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assessing a patient's tolerance to enteral feeding, what is the significance of monitoring abdominal distension?

<p>It may indicate delayed gastric emptying or intestinal obstruction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct procedure if a patient receiving continuous enteral feeding needs to go for a diagnostic test such as a CT scan?

<p>Stop the feeding 30-60 minutes prior to the test and resume it as soon as the patient returns, per the provider’s order. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child is ordered to receive an enteral feeding. What is the most appropriate way to verify tube placement?

<p>Obtaining an x-ray to confirm placement before initial use. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parents are preparing to administer enteral feeding at home. Which instruction is most important to emphasize regarding formula preparation and handling?

<p>Checking the expiration date on the formula and discarding any unused portion after 24 hours. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a history of recurrent aspiration pneumonia is prescribed enteral nutrition. What is the most appropriate strategy to minimize the risk of further aspiration events?

<p>Using a post-pyloric feeding tube and providing continuous infusion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient receiving enteral nutrition develops hyperglycemia. What intervention is most appropriate for the nurse to implement first?

<p>Checking the patient's blood glucose level and notifying the healthcare provider. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the administration of enteral feeding, a nurse observes that the client's gastric residual volume is significantly higher than the established threshold. What is the MOST appropriate nursing intervention based on this finding?

<p>Hold the feeding, reassess patient tolerance, and notify the healthcare provider of the elevated residual volume. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient receiving continuous enteral nutrition develops new onset hyperglycemia. After notifying the physician, the nurse anticipates which order?

<p>Administer subcutaneous insulin as prescribed and monitor blood glucose levels more frequently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nurse is caring for a client receiving enteral nutrition via a gastrostomy tube. The client reports discomfort at the insertion site, and the nurse observes redness and a small amount of purulent drainage. Which of the following interventions is the MOST appropriate initial action?

<p>Cleanse the insertion site with a sterile saline solution, assess the client for systemic signs of infection, and notify the provider. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nurse is preparing to administer medications via a client's enteral feeding tube. Which of the following nursing actions demonstrates a correct understanding of medication administration through this route?

<p>Using liquid forms of medications when available and diluting viscous medications with sterile water prior to administration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a history of frequent aspiration pneumonia is prescribed continuous enteral feedings. Which strategy is MOST crucial for the nurse to implement to reduce the risk of aspiration?

<p>Elevate the head of the bed to at least 45 degrees during and after feeding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Enteral Nutrition

Delivering nutrition through a tube into the GI tract for clients unable to meet nutritional needs orally.

Enteral Feeding Tubes

Tubes inserted into the GI tract to administer enteral nutrition, can be nasogastric, gastrostomy, or jejunostomy.

Bolus Feeding

Administering enteral feeding using a syringe to deliver formula.

Enteral Feeding Infusion

Using feeding bags and tubing to infuse formula continuously or intermittently, via gravity or a pump.

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Enteral Feeding Safety Measures

Assessing for allergies, verifying client ID, using standard precautions, and labeling all tubing.

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Medication Administration and Enteral Feedings

Medications should not be mixed directly into the feeding formula.

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Pre-Feeding Assessment

Includes allergies, medical history, medications, lab values, and provider's orders.

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Pertinent Lab Values for Enteral Feeding

Blood glucose, protein, albumin, electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, CBC, and differential.

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Elevating Head of Bed

To prevent aspiration and reflux during enteral feeding.

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Confirming Enteral Tube Placement

Visually inspect aspirate, check pH (≤5), verify marking at naris, and use capnography.

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Flushing Feeding Tube

Flushing the tube to prevent occlusions and check for patency.

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Formula Temperature

Using cold formula may cause gastric cramping and discomfort for the client.

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Syringe Feeding Technique

Feedings should drain by gravity, never pushed by the plunger.

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Labeling and Changing Tubing

Labeling reduces misconnections, and changing tubing reduces bacterial growth.

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Post-Feeding Position

Remaining on right side, slightly upright, or in Fowler's position for 30 minutes after feeding reduces risk of reflux.

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Ensuring Client Safety

May include placing call light within reach and lowering bed.

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Displaced Feeding Tube Intervention

Check with the provider for an x-ray order to confirm placement.

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Nausea/Vomiting Intervention

Maintain upright position, administer promotility and antiemetic medications as prescribed, administer formula at room temperature, and slow administration.

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Aspiration Intervention

Remove the tube, position client on their side with head elevated, suction as needed, and notify the provider.

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Obstructed Tube Intervention

Attempt to flush with warm water; if unsuccessful, consult policy or provider for declogging product.

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Enteral Tubing Misconnection Intervention

Notify rapid response team and the provider immediately.

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Enteral Feeding Documentation

GI assessment findings, confirmation of tube placement, date and time of feeding, type of formula, volume, client’s response to feeding.

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Study Notes

Enteral Nutrition

  • Enteral nutrition is for clients with functioning GI tracts who can't meet nutritional needs orally.
  • It involves delivering nutrients through a tube inserted into the GI tract.
  • Types of tubes include nasogastric, nasointestinal, gastrostomy (GT), and jejunostomy (J-tube).
  • The choice of tube depends on why oral intake is insufficient and how long enteral nutrition is needed.
  • Formulas are delivered via syringe for bolus feedings or enteral feeding bags for intermittent or continuous infusions.
  • Infusions can be gravity-fed or pump-assisted.
  • RNs ensure safe and accurate administration; PNs can administer after RN assessment.
  • Assistive personnel (AP) cannot administer enteral feedings.

Safety Considerations

  • Check clients for allergies, especially food allergies, to prevent allergic reactions.
  • Verify client identification to ensure the correct procedure is performed on the correct individual.
  • Use standard and infection control precautions to prevent transmission of infectious organisms.
  • Clearly label enteral feeding tubing to avoid misconnections with nonenteral systems.
  • Never mix medications directly into the feeding formula to prevent altered medication action or tube occlusion.

Equipment

  • Nonsterile gloves and PPE, if indicated, are required.
  • Other materials: Prescribed formula, feeding bag with tubing, stethoscope, alcohol preps, disposable pad, 60-mL syringe, IV pole, feeding infusion pump (if applicable), sterile water, and pH paper.

Step-by-Step Guide

Assessment/Data Collection

  • Review medical records for allergies, medical history, medications, previous vital signs, lab values, and the provider's order.
  • Pertinent lab values include blood glucose, protein, albumin, electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, CBC, and differential.
  • Confirm the provider's prescription for formula type, administration route, rate, and amount.
  • Assess for nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, absent bowel sounds, pain, tenderness, or rigidity

Planning

  • Gather necessary supplies ensuring they are clean and functioning properly.

Implementation

  • Provide privacy.
  • Introduce yourself.
  • Perform hand hygiene and apply PPE.
  • Verify client identification with two identifiers.
  • Confirm the client's allergy status.
  • Educate the client about the procedure, addressing questions and concerns.
  • Check formula expiration date.
  • Elevate the head of the bed to 30-45 degrees to reduce aspiration risk.
  • Confirm tube placement using at least two methods:
    • Visual inspection and pH testing (pH should be 5 or less).
    • Verify indelible marking.
    • Capnography to rule out airway placement.
  • If uncertain, withhold feeding and notify the provider.
  • Flush the tube with 30-50 mL of water to prevent and check for occlusions.
  • Disinfect the top of the formula can with an alcohol wipe before opening.
  • Ensure formula is at room temperature to prevent gastric cramping.

Administration via Syringe (Bolus)

  • Remove the plunger from the syringe.
  • Pinch the feeding tube before inserting the syringe to prevent leakage,
  • Pour the formula into the syringe and allow it to drain by gravity.
  • Flush the tube with water per facility policy to prevent occlusions.
  • Clamp the feeding tube, disconnect the syringe, and cover with the end cap.
  • Remove gloves and perform hand hygiene.

Administration via Feeding Bag (Continuous/Intermittent)

  • Label the bag and tubing per facility policy, changing tubing every 24 hours.
  • Fill the bag with the prescribed amount of formula.
  • Prime the feeding bag and tubing to prevent air from entering the stomach.
  • Connect the feeding bag to the feeding tube port securely,
  • Administer the feeding and water flush at the prescribed rate via pump or gravity.
  • Clamp the feeding tube, stop the infusion, and cover the end cap.
  • Remove gloves and perform hand hygiene

Upon Completion of Feeding

  • Position the client on their right side, slightly upright, or in Fowler’s position for 30 minutes to prevent reflux and aspiration.
  • Discuss findings with the client.
  • Ensure client safety before leaving the room.

Client Considerations

  • Enteral nutrition can be administered at home with proper training and RN supervision.
  • Neonatal and pediatric clients require adjusted nutritional needs; flush with minimal volume (2-5 mL for pediatric, ≤1 mL for neonates).

Interventions for Unexpected Outcomes

  • Withhold feedings and notify the provider for tube displacement; confirm placement with X-ray.
  • For nausea, vomiting, or cramping: elevate the client, administer medications as prescribed, ensure formula is at room temperature, slow bolus feedings, and notify the provider if symptoms persist.
  • For aspiration: remove the tube, position the client on their side with the head elevated, suction as needed, and notify the provider. Signs of aspiration include decreased O2 saturation, wheezing, coughing, choking, restlessness, and cyanosis.
  • For tube obstruction: flush with warm water using gentle back-and-forth motion; consult facility policy for other methods. Do not use cranberry juice or carbonated beverages.
  • For enteral tubing connected to a nonenteral system: notify the rapid response team and the provider immediately due to life-threatening risk.

Documentation

  • Document GI assessment findings, tube placement confirmation, feeding date/time, formula type, volume, rate, delivery mode, flush type/amount, and the client's response.

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