Heliocentric Theory & Enlightenment Thinkers

The belief that the Sun is the center of the universe.

A systematic approach to exploring and testing ideas through observation, experimentation, and analysis.

An idea or explanation that has not yet been proven but is used as a starting point for further investigation.

An agreement where individuals give up some of their freedom in exchange for the protection and benefits provided by a government.

Rights inherent to all human beings, often considered universal and inalienable.

French thinkers during the Enlightenment who advocated for reason, progress, and reform in society.

The practice of controlling access to information and ideas.

An absolute ruler who uses their power to bring about social and political changes in accordance with Enlightenment ideals.

The assembly of European leaders that met after the Napoleonic Wars to restore order and stability to Europe, lasting from September 1814 to June 1815.

A Polish astronomer who challenged the geocentric model of the universe, proposing that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of our solar system. His theory, known as heliocentrism, revolutionized our understanding of the universe.

An Italian astronomer and physicist who used a telescope to make groundbreaking observations that supported Copernicus' heliocentric theory. He faced persecution for his findings but ultimately advanced our scientific understanding of the universe.

An English mathematician and physicist, considered one of the most influential scientists of all time. His work on gravity and motion revolutionized physics and laid the foundation for modern science. Famous for his Three Laws of Motion.

An English philosopher who argued that people are inherently self-interested and that a strong, absolute sovereign is necessary to maintain order and prevent chaos. He believed that a social contract between the ruler and the ruled is essential for a stable society.

An influential English philosopher known for his ideas about natural rights, limited government, and the social contract. His philosophies profoundly influenced the American Founding Fathers and the development of the United States.

A French philosopher who advocated for the separation of powers in government, believing it essential to prevent tyranny and ensure individual liberty. His ideas influenced the structure of the US Constitution.

A French philosopher, writer, and satirist known for his sharp wit and criticism of social injustices. He advocated for freedom of speech, religion, and thought, and opposed censorship and religious intolerance.

A Swiss-born philosopher who emphasized the importance of individual freedom and the social contract. His ideas about popular sovereignty and the general will influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political thought.

A Scottish economist considered the father of modern capitalism. His work 'The Wealth of Nations' advocated for free markets and limited government intervention in the economy.

The longest-reigning monarch in British history, ruling at the time of the American Revolution. He faced significant challenges during his reign, including the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

The King of France during the French Revolution. His inability to address the economic and social problems facing France contributed to the outbreak of the revolution.

The Queen of France during the French Revolution. Her extravagance and unpopularity further alienated the French people from the monarchy, contributing to its downfall.

A French revolutionary who played a leading role in the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. He believed in the use of terror to eliminate opposition and create a Republic of Virtue.

A French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution. He led France to numerous victories, crowned himself Emperor, and implemented significant reforms impacting French society for generations. He is considered a pivotal figure in European history.

A Venezuelan military and political leader who played a key role in the independence movements in South America. He is considered the 'Liberator' of many South American countries.

An Argentine general and leader of the independence movement in Argentina, Chile, and Peru. He is revered as a champion of South American independence, and played a pivotal role in freeing these nations from Spanish rule.

A Mexican priest who led a rebellion against Spanish rule in Mexico. He is considered the father of Mexican independence.

A Haitian military leader who led the Haitian Revolution, the only successful slave revolt in history. He played a crucial role in securing Haiti's independence from France.