30 Questions
Which of the following was a consequence of the philosophes' views about society?
The imprisonment and exile of many philosophes
Where did the buzz of Enlightenment ideas intensify during Voltaire's time?
In the mansions of wealthy women in Paris
What did Denis Diderot create with the help of Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin?
A set of books called Encyclopedia
Which of the following was NOT a reason given for why some people opposed the publishing of the Encyclopedia?
It spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people
What were some of the ways that Enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe?
Through newspapers, pamphlets, and political songs
Who were the main audience for Enlightenment ideas about government and equality?
The literate middle class
Which artistic style emerged as a reflection of Enlightenment ideals in the late 1700s?
Classical
Which composers rank among the greatest figures of the classical period in music?
Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven
What type of literature gained popularity in the 18th century?
Novels
Which artistic style dominated European art in the 1600s and early 1700s?
Baroque
Which composers are considered among the greatest figures of the classical period in music?
Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven
What type of literature gained popularity with the middle-class audience in the 18th century?
Novels
Which artistic style dominated European art in the 1600s and early 1700s?
Baroque
Which composers were considered the greatest figures of the classical period in music?
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Joseph Haydn
What type of literature gained popularity in the 18th century?
Novels
Which country had laws against criticizing the Catholic Church or the government in the 18th century?
France
Where was the cultural and intellectual capital of Europe in the 1700s?
Paris
What was the name of the large set of books created by Denis Diderot?
Encyclopedia
Which of the following played a significant role in spreading Enlightenment ideas to educated people in Europe?
Newspapers
Which group of people were particularly attracted to Enlightenment ideas about government and equality?
The middle class
What were some of the reasons given by opponents of the publishing of the Encyclopedia?
All of the above
Which ruler introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press in Austria?
Joseph II
Who ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796 and sought to reform the country?
Catherine the Great
Which ruler recommended religious toleration and the abolishment of torture and capital punishment in Russia?
Catherine the Great
Which monarchs were considered enlightened despots during the Enlightenment period?
Frederick II of Prussia
What was the attitude of Frederick II of Prussia towards being king?
He considered himself a servant of the state
What motivated the enlightened despots to make reforms?
Desire to improve the lives of their people
Which body of water did Catherine the Great seek access to?
Black Sea
Which country did Russia, Prussia, and Austria each try to assert their influence over?
Poland
What happened to Poland as a result of the partitions?
It disappeared as an independent country
Study Notes
The Enlightenment
- The philosophes' views about society led to the emergence of democratic and egalitarian values.
The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
- Enlightenment ideas intensified in Paris and other urban centers during Voltaire's time.
- Ideas spread through:
- Salons, hosted by women like Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin
- The publication of the Encyclopedia by Denis Diderot
- Coffeehouses and intellectual gatherings
Key Figures and Contributions
- Denis Diderot created the Encyclopedia with the help of Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin.
- Voltaire was a prominent philosophe who spread Enlightenment ideas.
Opposition to the Encyclopedia
- Some opposed the Encyclopedia because they believed it:
- Undermined authority and traditional values
- Spread subversive ideas
Audience for Enlightenment Ideas
- The main audience for Enlightenment ideas about government and equality were the emerging middle class.
Art and Literature
- The artistic style that emerged in the late 1700s was Neoclassicism, reflecting Enlightenment ideals.
- Composers like Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were among the greatest figures of the classical period in music.
- The novel gained popularity in the 18th century, appealing to a middle-class audience.
European Art and Music
- Baroque art dominated European art in the 1600s and early 1700s.
- Composers like Bach, Handel, and Telemann were considered among the greatest figures of the classical period in music.
Censorship and Cultural Hubs
- France had laws against criticizing the Catholic Church or the government in the 18th century.
- Paris was the cultural and intellectual capital of Europe in the 1700s.
Enlightenment Thinkers and Rulers
- Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia was a large set of books that spread Enlightenment ideas.
- Educated people, especially the middle class, played a significant role in spreading Enlightenment ideas.
- Catherine the Great ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796 and sought to reform the country.
- Frederick II of Prussia was an enlightened despot who introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press.
- Enlightened despots like Catherine the Great, Frederick II, and Joseph II made reforms to maintain power and stability.
- Catherine the Great sought access to the Black Sea.
- Russia, Prussia, and Austria tried to assert their influence over Poland, leading to its partitions.
Discover the challenges faced by the philosophes during the Enlightenment era in France. Learn about the legal restrictions they encountered and how their ideas spread across Europe. Test your knowledge on this crucial period of intellectual history.
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