Enlightenment and Sports History

A historical period from the late 17th century to 1789, emphasizing reason, critical thinking, science, and progress.

A group of intellectuals who advocated for reason and merit, believing in the positive transformation of society.

A form of government that emphasizes modernization and advancement, but under the control of absolute rulers. The approach is "everything for the people, but without the people."

A movement that challenged the rigidity of the Ancien Régime society, driven by the growth of the economy, bourgeoisie, international trade, and the scientific revolution.

A period where monarchs attempted to reconcile their absolute power with the ideas of reason and reform that were prominent during the Enlightenment.

A philosophical movement emphasizing the importance of nature in knowledge and reality, advocating for children's learning through direct experience with the natural world.

An educational movement focused on developing rational thinking and scientific observation as the primary tools to understand the world and achieve truth.

A movement promoting structured educational programs based on naturalism, focusing on children's well-being and development.

This refers to how the 18th century saw a shift towards seeing education as a tool for personal and societal progress, emphasizing the importance of knowledge, reason, and critical thinking.

During the Enlightenment, education was viewed as essential for shaping character, health, and morality. This led to the inclusion of Physical Education into educational curricula.

A stage where children learn through hands-on experiences and exploration, discovering the world independently.

A period focused on developing intellectual skills through reasoning and critical thinking. While the stage has theoretical base, emphasis is still on connecting with the environment.

A stage centered on moral development, building character, and emphasizing relationships, social life, and emotional growth.

The learner is prepared to live in society, start a family, and potentially engage in religious instruction.

A French philosopher who strongly emphasized the role of environment and education in shaping human potential.

Helvetius believed that all human beings are born with similar potential, and it is education and life experiences that create individual differences.

Helvétius criticized the neglect of physical education among the elite, arguing that an excess of theoretical studies and lack of physical activity led to weakness.

A Prussian philosopher known for his ideas on reason, morality, and human development, influenced by Rousseau but emphasizing a more disciplined approach.

German educator who significantly impacted modern physical education. He worked at Schnepfenthal Institute and is known for his publication 'Gymnastics for Youth' (1793), which was one of the first systematic manuals of gymnastics. He also emphasized self-improvement through structured learning and encouraged a nationalistic view of physical education.

A school established by Johann Bernhard Basedow in 1774. It promoted a new approach to education focused on practical skills, individual needs, and a holistic development of the student.

A concept focused on gymnastics, which uses a structured approach with fixed rules and emphasizes self-improvement. It includes exercises like strength training, flexibility, jumping, and climbing.

The idea of educating the whole person, including the mind, body, and spirit. It promotes a holistic approach that recognizes all aspects of human development are interconnected.

A Swiss educator who believed that everyone, regardless of their background, deserves access to quality education. He advocated for a more inclusive and equitable education system that reached out to those in need.

An approach to education that emphasizes practical skills and knowledge, focusing on real-world learning. It emphasizes hands-on experiences and prepares students for life beyond academic settings.

The first systematic manual of gymnastics, published in 1793 by Johann Friedrich Guts Muths. It included exercises, instructions, and specific methods to enhance physical fitness.