Enlightenment and Revolutions

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Which of the following best describes a common goal shared by many of the Enlightenment philosophes?

To promote reason, individual liberty, and reform of societal structures. (correct)
To advocate for traditional social hierarchies and religious dogma.
To establish a global empire controlled by European powers.
To reinforce the power of the monarchy through divine right.

How did Enlightenment ideals influence the French Revolution?

By inspiring revolutionary thinkers with ideas of liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty. (correct)
By reinforcing the feudal system and the privileges of the aristocracy.
By providing a justification for the absolute authority of the monarchy.
By advocating for a return to traditional religious values and practices.

Which of the following factors contributed most significantly to the radicalization of the French Revolution, culminating in the Reign of Terror?

The threat of foreign invasion and internal counter-revolution. (correct)
The widespread adoption of mercantilist economic policies.
The restoration of the Catholic Church's authority.
The successful implementation of democratic reforms.

In what ways did Napoleon's government reflect and contradict Enlightenment principles?

He upheld religious freedom and promoted legal equality, while also implementing authoritarian rule and suppressing dissent. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the Map Details provided, if you were traveling from London to Constantinople in 1715 by sea, which of the following bodies of water would you most likely navigate?

The Mediterranean Sea (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the core difference between the political theories of absolute monarchy and limited monarchy?

Absolute monarchy emphasizes centralized power derived from divine right, while limited monarchy incorporates checks and balances through institutions like parliament. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How did the agricultural revolution directly contribute to the expansion of international trade during the 18th century?

By creating a surplus of agricultural goods that could be exported, stimulating trade networks and supporting a larger population engaged in non-agricultural activities. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary consequence of the rivalry between Austria/Prussia and Britain/France during the 18th century?

The intensification of colonial conflicts and wars fought in Europe, North America, and Asia, reshaped global power dynamics and territorial control. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How did the theories of John Locke influence the development of limited monarchy and constitutionalism?

Locke's concept of natural rights and government by consent of the governed provided philosophical justification for limiting the power of monarchs and establishing representative institutions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the scientific discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton challenge traditional worldviews?

By providing mathematical and observational evidence that contradicted the geocentric model of the universe, leading to a paradigm shift towards a heliocentric model. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role did slavery play in the development of transatlantic trade during the 18th century?

It provided a crucial labor force for the production of cash crops in the Americas, which were then traded to Europe, forming a key component of the triangular trade system. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How did Enlightened Despotism attempt to reconcile Enlightenment ideals with autocratic rule?

By implementing reforms such as legal codes, educational improvements, and religious tolerance, while maintaining absolute control and suppressing dissent. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In what manner did Russia emulate Western European powers like France and Prussia during the 17th and 18th centuries?

Russia implemented military reforms, expanded its territory through conquest, and modernized its bureaucracy and economy in order to project power in Europe. (C) Signup and view all the answers

"Philosophes"

Intellectuals who applied reason and science to society, advocating for reform and individual rights.

Enlightenment Ideals

Liberty, equality, and fraternity, challenging the old order.