Enlightenment Thinkers and French Revolution

The bourgeoisie's demand for change due to Enlightenment ideas and the inspiration from the American Revolution.

It symbolized the overthrow of the monarchy and the beginning of the revolution.

To eliminate anyone suspected of being an enemy of the revolution.

<p>The leaders of the Reign of Terror were executed, leading to the establishment of the Directory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Napoleon established the Napoleonic Code, which continued the aims of the French Revolution by codifying French law and promoting equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nationalism is the identification with a nation with a common culture and history, wanting to be ruled by one's nation. The French felt increased pride due to Napoleon's conquests, contributing to the development of French nationalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased social mobility and the abolishment of titles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To restore the Old Regime and the pre-revolutionary order in Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Life, liberty, and property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau argued that individuals voluntarily surrender some of their freedom in exchange for the protection and benefits of government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes a balance of power within government, preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful and thus preventing tyranny.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She argued that women were not inferior to men but were poorly educated, advocating for equal education and equal rights for women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlightened despots wished to appear progressive and modern by adopting the most advanced ideas of their time, despite ruling with absolute power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary goal was to maintain public order and identify and remove internal enemies of the Republic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Law of Suspects established revolutionary tribunals that could try and execute anyone deemed a threat to the Republic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors like Spanish mercantilism, Enlightenment ideas, the French Revolution, and Napoleon's conquest of Spain all inspired and fueled the revolutions in Latin America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin were key leaders. Bolivar spearheaded revolutions in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, while San Martin led independence movements in Argentina and Chile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A large enslaved African population was subject to brutal conditions under French rule on sugar plantations, leading to a successful slave rebellion led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creoles, despite being born in the Americas, faced significant limitations under Spanish rule, being forbidden from many economic activities and denied political power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Although Latin American countries gained independence, they did not establish democratic governments, often falling under the rule of military dictators known as caudillos. Reliance on cash crops also hindered economic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Americans under Spanish rule felt that they were treated as serfs or mere consumers with little political power and economic freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A common contribution, equitably distributed among all citizens in proportion to their means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A society without a constitution is one without a guarantee of the rule of law and a defined separation of powers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The survival of the French nation and its principles, facing threats from both internal and external enemies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The principles Robespierre emphasizes are liberty, reason, public interest, and the destruction of prejudice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Robespierre argued that the French Republic needed moral and physical strength to overcome its challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He introduced new procedures, reorganized the clerical staff, and implemented weekly meetings with the Committee of General Security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Robespierre considered the press dangerous and believed it should be temporarily deprived of its freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The will and interests of the majority of French citizens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The colonies had exclusive trading privileges limited by Spain and were prevented from freely exchanging goods and understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi were the key nationalists leading the movement for Italian unification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The unified Italy was weak due to the stark contrast between the industrialized North and the rural South.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The chief obstacle to unification was the rivalry between Prussia and Austria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bismarck was known as the 'Iron Chancellor', and he utilized realpolitik in his strategy to unify Germany through wars and diplomacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bismarck embarked on a kulturkampf against the Catholic Church to reduce its influence in Prussian politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bismarck provoked war with Austria to eliminate their opposition to German unification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granting rights to workers was significant as it aimed to prevent them from joining socialist movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Life, liberty, and property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to tyranny, as fears may arise of unjust laws being enacted and enforced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women need education to become companions to men, as this will advance knowledge and virtue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The government was in severe debt due to extravagant spending and costs from wars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Third Estate, consisting of peasants, workers, and the bourgeoisie, bore the tax burden due to the privileges of the First and Second Estates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The droughts left many peasants starving and increased discontent with the ruling class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must be proven that women possess reason and deserve justice as part of humanity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The division into three estates, with the First and Second exempt from taxes, created significant inequality.</p> Signup and view all the answers