English Phonetics: Vowels and Stress Patterns

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between a monophthong and a diphthong?

  • Monophthongs are characterized by a single vowel sound, while diphthongs involve a gliding articulation between two vowel sounds. (correct)
  • Monophthongs only occur in front of consonants, while diphthongs occur before vowels.
  • Monophthongs are typically shorter in duration than diphthongs.
  • Monophthongs are always stressed, while diphthongs are unstressed.

Which of the following vowels would be classified as a lax vowel based on muscular tension?

  • /u:/
  • /i:/
  • /e/
  • /æ/ (correct)

What is the defining feature of all English front vowels?

  • The bulk of the tongue is positioned forward and the lips are spread. (correct)
  • The tongue is positioned in the mid to low range and the lips are rounded.
  • The tongue is raised in the direction of the soft palate and the lips are neutral.
  • The tongue is pushed backward and the lips are rounded.

Which vowel sound is described as having a neutral lip position?

<p>// (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vowel sounds is NOT a monophthong?

<p>/ei/ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vowels is classified as a back, fully advanced vowel?

<p>/u:/ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is NOT a common characteristic of back vowels?

<p>The lips are typically spread. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the production of a diphthong, what is the first stressed element called?

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stress pattern for the compound adjective self-conscious?

<p>First part stressed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these words is an exception to the usual stress pattern of compound adjectives?

<p>Homesick (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the stress placed in the word engineer?

<p>Second syllable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these words is a two-syllable word with stress on the first syllable?

<p>Chinese (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the stress change in the word check in sentences like "There's the hotel! Let's check in." and "Check-in is open from 3pm-9pm."?

<p>It is unstressed in the first sentence and stressed in the second. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stress pattern in the compound noun drive-through?

<p>First part stressed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these phrasal verbs has stress on the second part when used as a compound noun?

<p>Turn over - Turnover (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sentence "After a quick stopover in Paris we were soon off on our journey", which word has the stress?

<p>stopover (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words are typically considered 'content words'?

<p>adverbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best description of 'form words' in the context of sentence structure?

<p>Words that help connect content words, contributing to the overall structure of a sentence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sentence stress can be determined by all of the following factors EXCEPT:

<p>The frequency of usage of specific words in a language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of 'form words'?

<p>They carry the primary semantic meaning of a sentence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options BEST exemplifies the concept of 'logical stress' in a sentence?

<p>I went to the store to buy some <em>milk</em>. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of 'intonation' in spoken language?

<p>To organize words into meaningful utterances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is NOT generally considered a component of 'intonation'?

<p>Voice timbre (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'voice timbre' refers to:

<p>The individual quality or character of a person's voice. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the phrase "flight attendant", which part of the compound noun receives the primary stress?

<p>flight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound noun is formed by combining a noun with an adjective, like "guilty party"?

<p>sofa bed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compound nouns is correctly stressed in the sentence: "She bought a new washing machine, a digital television, and a fantastic coffee maker."?

<p>All are correctly stressed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following compound nouns does the stress fall on the second part?

<p>central heating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In compound nouns like "birthday present", what is the stress pattern?

<p>Depends on whether it's noun+noun or adjective+noun (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a compound noun formed from the given parts: "hand" and "rings"?

<p>hand rings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sentence, "Have you looked in your handbag?", which word is a compound noun?

<p>handbag (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound adjective in this sentence is incorrectly stressed: "He has a fantastic coffee maker and an amazing birthday present."?

<p>amazing birthday (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is a compound word?

<p>semi-detached house (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is a phrase?

<p>unrequited love (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words refers to a type of clothing?

<p>pantsuit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words refers to a type of financial transaction?

<p>hire purchase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is an adjective?

<p>well-appointed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is a noun?

<p>double-barreled family name (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is a synonym for 'affluent'?

<p>wealthy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following word pairs demonstrates the stress shift pattern discussed in the text?

<p>controversial answer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compound words typically receives late stress in British English, but early stress in American English?

<p>ice cream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the category of compounds where the first element is a proper name, what is the general rule regarding stress?

<p>They receive late stress except for words like 'street'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compound words exemplifies the category where the first element is the material or ingredient?

<p>cherry pie (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of late-stressed compounds in the text?

<p>They are often followed by a strongly stressed word. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines whether a compound word will have early or late stress?

<p>The pronunciation of the individual words within the compound. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common phenomenon seen with newly formed compounds?

<p>They usually have a late stress initially, but can shift to early stress over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the text's main focus?

<p>Describing the different types of compound words in English. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Content Words

Words that carry the main meaning in a sentence, typically stressed.

Function Words

Words that help structure a sentence but carry little meaning, usually unstressed.

Sentence Stress

The emphasis placed on certain words in a sentence based on semantic importance.

Tempo

The speed at which speech is delivered, can vary from fast to slow.

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Rhythm

The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in speech.

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Pausation

Breaks in speech that separate sentences or phrases.

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Voice Timbre

The quality or tone of a voice that conveys emotion or individuality.

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Tense vowels

Vowels produced with high muscular tension, typically long.

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Lax vowels

Vowels produced with lower muscular tension, typically short.

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Loudness

The amplitude of voice vibrations, impacting how loudly a person speaks.

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Labialized vowels

Vowels produced with rounded lips.

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Non-labialized vowels

Vowels produced without rounded lips.

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Monophthong

A vowel sound without change in mouth position throughout its articulation.

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Back vowels

Vowels where the tongue is positioned toward the back of the mouth.

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Central vowels

Vowels produced with the tongue in a neutral, middle position.

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Diphthong

A complex vowel sound that begins with one vowel and glides into another.

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Compound Adjectives

Adjectives made up of two or more words, often hyphenated.

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Stress Patterns

The emphasis placed on certain syllables in words.

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Primary Stress

The strongest emphasis in a word's pronunciation.

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Exceptions in Stress

Words that do not follow standard stress rules.

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Syllable Grouping

Classifying words based on the number of syllables.

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Phrasal Verbs

Verbs combined with prepositions or adverbs.

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Compound Nouns

Nouns that consist of two or more words combined.

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Bold Stress Changes

Changes in stress that alter word meaning in sentences.

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Noun + Noun Compounds

Compound nouns where both parts are nouns.

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Adjective + Noun Compounds

Compound nouns where the first part is an adjective.

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Stress Pattern Rules

Guidelines that determine where to place stress in compound nouns.

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Practice Pronunciation

Repeating compound nouns to get the stress correct.

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Making Compounds

Combining parts to form new compound words.

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Late-Stressed Compounds

Words that receive stress on the second element, making them similar to phrases.

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Early-Stressed Compounds

Words that receive stress on the first element, distinguishing them from phrases.

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Material or Ingredient Compound

Late-stressed compounds where the first part indicates the main ingredient, like 'cherry pie'.

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Place Name Compound

Late-stressed compounds using proper names, such as 'Camden Town'.

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Time or Place First Element

Compounds where the first element denotes a time or place, like 'kitchen window'.

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Adjective First Element

Compounds where the first element is an adjective, such as 'lost property'.

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Stress Shift

A phenomenon where stress patterns change in connected speech, e.g., 'controversial answer'.

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British vs American Stress

Some compounds are pronounced with different stress between British and American English, e.g., 'ice cream'.

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Intonation

The variation of pitch while speaking, conveying meaning and emotion.

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Pitch

The highness or lowness of a speaking voice, categorized as high, mid, or low.

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Pitch Range

The interval between the highest and lowest pitches a voice can produce.

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Speech Melody

Fluctuations in voice pitch, creates a musical quality in speech.

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Sentence Stress vs. Intonation

Sentence stress emphasizes words; intonation involves pitch variation throughout a sentence.

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Fluctuation in Pitch

Variability in voice pitch during speech; includes rises and falls in tone.

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Components of Intonation

Includes speech melody and sentence stress, shaping verbal communication.

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Study Notes

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