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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of active transport?
What is the definition of active transport?
When a water balloon is placed in a 50% salt solution, which way will water move?
When a water balloon is placed in a 50% salt solution, which way will water move?
How would you classify the solution inside the balloon in the above scenario?
How would you classify the solution inside the balloon in the above scenario?
Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy?
Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy?
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What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
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What type of energy does the cell primarily use during cellular respiration?
What type of energy does the cell primarily use during cellular respiration?
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Which statement correctly describes the second law of thermodynamics?
Which statement correctly describes the second law of thermodynamics?
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Which of the following accurately defines potential energy?
Which of the following accurately defines potential energy?
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Which stage of cellular respiration takes place in the cytoplasm?
Which stage of cellular respiration takes place in the cytoplasm?
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What is the main product of glycolysis?
What is the main product of glycolysis?
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During which stage of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide produced?
During which stage of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide produced?
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How is ATP generated during oxidative phosphorylation?
How is ATP generated during oxidative phosphorylation?
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What role do NADH and FADH2 play in cellular respiration?
What role do NADH and FADH2 play in cellular respiration?
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What type of reaction involves the release of energy?
What type of reaction involves the release of energy?
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Which of the following best describes metabolism?
Which of the following best describes metabolism?
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What is the role of ATP in the cell?
What is the role of ATP in the cell?
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Energy coupling refers to which of the following processes?
Energy coupling refers to which of the following processes?
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What happens during the hydrolysis of ATP?
What happens during the hydrolysis of ATP?
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What is phosphorylation in the context of cellular reactions?
What is phosphorylation in the context of cellular reactions?
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What type of work does ATP assist with in transport mechanisms?
What type of work does ATP assist with in transport mechanisms?
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What is a key feature of the bonds in ATP?
What is a key feature of the bonds in ATP?
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What are the main products of glycolysis?
What are the main products of glycolysis?
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Which step in glycolysis involves the reduction of NAD+?
Which step in glycolysis involves the reduction of NAD+?
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What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
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Which process primarily produces ATP during oxidative phosphorylation?
Which process primarily produces ATP during oxidative phosphorylation?
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Which compounds are produced in the citric acid cycle for each acetyl CoA?
Which compounds are produced in the citric acid cycle for each acetyl CoA?
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What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation?
What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation?
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What happens during lactic acid fermentation?
What happens during lactic acid fermentation?
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Which occurs during the oxidation of pyruvate?
Which occurs during the oxidation of pyruvate?
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What is the primary purpose of fermentation?
What is the primary purpose of fermentation?
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Study Notes
Energy Types
- Kinetic energy is the energy of movement.
- Examples of kinetic energy are moving objects, thermal energy (random movement of atoms and molecules), and light.
- Potential energy is stored energy that matter contains based on its location or structure.
- Examples of potential energy are an object waiting to go down a hill and the potential energy in chemical bonds.
- Chemical energy is a type of potential energy in chemical reactions that can be used for work in the cell.
Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamics studies energy transformations.
- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy in the universe is constant and can be transferred or transformed, but not created or destroyed.
- The second law of thermodynamics states every energy conversion increases the disorder in the universe.
- Disorder is also called entropy, which describes the random arrangement of matter and energy.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide and ATP.
- Some energy is released as heat, but the cell uses most in the form of ATP.
Two Types of Chemical Reactions
- Exergonic reactions release energy.
- Example: Wood burning releases light and heat energy.
- Endergonic reactions require energy and their products contain potential energy.
- Example: Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy.
Metabolism
- Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions in the body.
- Metabolic pathways are a series of steps taken in a chemical reaction to break down or build complex molecules.
- Cellular respiration is one metabolic pathway.
Energy Coupling
- Energy coupling uses energy released from exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactions.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- ATP is made of adenosine and three phosphate groups.
- ATP powers almost all forms of work in the cell.
Making Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
- The phosphate groups in ATP are negatively charged and repel each other.
- This repulsion makes the bonds between phosphate groups easily broken by hydrolysis.
Hydrolysis of ATP
- Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy, making it an exergonic reaction.
- The phosphate group released during hydrolysis is used to power other chemical reactions in the cell, a process called phosphorylation.
Functions of ATP
- ATP helps drive chemical, transport, and mechanical work in the cell.
Chemical Work
- ATP can phosphorylate reactants to convert them into products.
Transport Work
- ATP can phosphorylate transport proteins to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
Mechanical Work
- ATP can phosphorylate motor proteins in muscle cells, causing a change in shape that pulls on protein filaments and results in muscle contraction.
ATP Recycling
- ATP is used and regenerated in a cell to be used again.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration has three stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, specifically the cytosol.
- It converts glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate.
- Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP and provides electrons to the electron transport chain.
Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
- Pyruvate oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle occur in the mitochondria.
- Pyruvate is oxidized to a 2-carbon compound.
- The Citric Acid Cycle finishes breaking down glucose into carbon dioxide.
- These stages produce some ATP and provide electrons to the electron transport chain.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Oxidative phosphorylation relies on electrons carried by NADH and FADH2, which are used to provide electrons to the electron transport chain.
- Energy released from the electron transport chain is used to make ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.
- Electrons are passed to oxygen to make water.
The Electron Transport Chain and ATP
- Energy moving down the ETC by electrons pumps hydrogen ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
- This creates a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions.
- Chemiosmosis uses the potential energy from the hydrogen concentration gradient to make ATP.
Glycolysis in Detail
- Steps 1-4: ATP adds two phosphate groups to a glucose intermediate.
- Step 4: The intermediate is split into two three-carbon molecules called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
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Steps 5-9 occur twice:
- Step 5: NAD+ is reduced to NADH and a phosphate group is added to G3P.
- Steps 6-9: 4 ATP is produced and water is produced in step 8. 2 pyruvate are formed.
- For each molecule of glucose at the beginning of glycolysis, 2 pyruvate are formed.
Glycolysis Summary
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
- It involves 9 steps, each with a specific enzyme.
- Starts with 1 glucose molecule.
- Products of glycolysis include:
- 2 ATP
- 2 pyruvate
- 2 NADH
Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
- Pyruvate is transported to a mitochondrion for pyruvate oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle.
- Pyruvate does not enter the mitochondria itself.
Pyruvate Oxidation
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- Carboxyl group is removed as CO2.
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- Pyruvate is oxidized and NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
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- Coenzyme A joins to form Acetyl CoA.
- 2 Acetyl CoA enter the Citric Acid Cycle because 2 pyruvate are produced from glycolysis.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- Coenzyme A splits off from Acetyl CoA and is recycled.
- For each pyruvate, the following products are produced:
- 2 CO2
- 3 NADH
- 1 ATP
- FADH2 (electron carrier)
- Because each glucose molecule produces 2 pyruvate, these products are doubled for each glucose molecule.
Cellular Respiration Review
- Cellular respiration is crucial for energy production in living organisms.
- It involves three main stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
- ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell.
- Understanding these processes is essential for comprehending biological functions.
Fermentation
- Fermentation produces energy without oxygen.
- Aerobic respiration utilizes oxygen to make ATP.
- Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen to make ATP.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Regenerates NAD+
- Step 1: Glycolysis breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing 2 ATP and reducing 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH.
- Step 2: NADH is oxidized back to NAD+ and pyruvate is reduced to lactate.
When is Lactic Acid Fermentation Used?
- Lactic acid fermentation occurs when oxygen is limited, such as during intense exercise.
- The process allows for the continued production of ATP through glycolysis by recycling NAD+.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in energy types, thermodynamics, and cellular respiration. You'll explore kinetic and potential energy, the laws of thermodynamics, and the process of cellular respiration. Test your understanding of how energy transforms and the role it plays in biological systems.
