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Questions and Answers
What defines energy in a scientific context?
What defines energy in a scientific context?
- The ability to do work. (correct)
- The mass of an object in motion.
- The presence of electrical charge.
- The capacity to generate heat.
Which of the following represents kinetic energy?
Which of the following represents kinetic energy?
- A rock sitting at the top of a hill.
- A compressed spring.
- A car driving down a highway. (correct)
- An ice cube melting on a countertop.
What type of energy does a wrecking ball have when it is suspended motionless at a height?
What type of energy does a wrecking ball have when it is suspended motionless at a height?
- Thermal energy.
- Kinetic energy.
- Potential energy. (correct)
- Mechanical energy.
When a wrecking ball is released, which pair of energy types is demonstrated during its fall?
When a wrecking ball is released, which pair of energy types is demonstrated during its fall?
Which of the following best describes potential energy?
Which of the following best describes potential energy?
What happens to the ratio of kinetic to potential energy as the wrecking ball falls?
What happens to the ratio of kinetic to potential energy as the wrecking ball falls?
Which energy type is NOT mentioned as a form of energy in the provided content?
Which energy type is NOT mentioned as a form of energy in the provided content?
What type of energy transformation occurs when the wrecking ball is at a midpoint during its fall?
What type of energy transformation occurs when the wrecking ball is at a midpoint during its fall?
What determines the rate at which a chemical reaction will proceed?
What determines the rate at which a chemical reaction will proceed?
Why does the rusting of iron occur slowly over time?
Why does the rusting of iron occur slowly over time?
What happens when heat from a spark overcomes the activation energy of fuel?
What happens when heat from a spark overcomes the activation energy of fuel?
What is catalysis in the context of cellular reactions?
What is catalysis in the context of cellular reactions?
What would happen if no activation energy were required to break down sucrose?
What would happen if no activation energy were required to break down sucrose?
What aspect of enzymes contributes to their specificity in binding substrates?
What aspect of enzymes contributes to their specificity in binding substrates?
How do cellular temperatures influence important reactions within cells?
How do cellular temperatures influence important reactions within cells?
What is the main focus of thermodynamics as described in the content?
What is the main focus of thermodynamics as described in the content?
How does temperature influence enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
How does temperature influence enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
What are macromolecules like proteins and DNA's relation to energy in the context of cellular reactions?
What are macromolecules like proteins and DNA's relation to energy in the context of cellular reactions?
What phenomenon describes the dynamic interaction between an enzyme and its substrate?
What phenomenon describes the dynamic interaction between an enzyme and its substrate?
What effect do extreme pH levels have on enzyme function?
What effect do extreme pH levels have on enzyme function?
Which of the following statements about enzyme-substrate binding is true?
Which of the following statements about enzyme-substrate binding is true?
What can lead to the denaturation of an enzyme?
What can lead to the denaturation of an enzyme?
What is the role of the active site in enzyme function?
What is the role of the active site in enzyme function?
Which statement about enzyme specificity is accurate?
Which statement about enzyme specificity is accurate?
What is the primary role of HMG-CoA reductase in the body?
What is the primary role of HMG-CoA reductase in the body?
What is one of the challenges in drug development?
What is one of the challenges in drug development?
What must happen after researchers identify a drug target and pathway?
What must happen after researchers identify a drug target and pathway?
Which of the following is an example of an inorganic cofactor?
Which of the following is an example of an inorganic cofactor?
What is the function of coenzymes in enzymatic reactions?
What is the function of coenzymes in enzymatic reactions?
Which enzyme requires zinc as a cofactor to function properly?
Which enzyme requires zinc as a cofactor to function properly?
What is the primary source of coenzymes in the diet?
What is the primary source of coenzymes in the diet?
Which statement about acetaminophen is true?
Which statement about acetaminophen is true?
Which of the following statements about enzymes is not true?
Which of the following statements about enzymes is not true?
What is the state of entropy, regarding the instant a perfume bottle is sprayed compared to 30 seconds later?
What is the state of entropy, regarding the instant a perfume bottle is sprayed compared to 30 seconds later?
Which of the following describes the hydrolysis energy of ATP?
Which of the following describes the hydrolysis energy of ATP?
An allosteric inhibitor affects enzyme activity by doing which of the following?
An allosteric inhibitor affects enzyme activity by doing which of the following?
Which analogy best describes the induced-fit model of enzyme-substrate binding?
Which analogy best describes the induced-fit model of enzyme-substrate binding?
Which option is not considered an example of energy transformation?
Which option is not considered an example of energy transformation?
Comparing the condition of a living cell to a dead cell, which statement about entropy is correct?
Comparing the condition of a living cell to a dead cell, which statement about entropy is correct?
What happens to the energy of a reaction that enzymes facilitate?
What happens to the energy of a reaction that enzymes facilitate?
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Study Notes
Energy and its types
- Energy is the ability to do work
- Kinetic energy refers to the energy of objects in motion
- Potential energy is the energy stored from a object's potential to do work
- The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant
Free energy
- Free energy (G) is the energy associated with a chemical reaction that can do useful work
- Reactions can be exergonic or endergonic
- Exergonic reactions release energy (negative change in G)
- Endergonic reactions require energy (positive change in G)
- Activation energy (Ea) is the energy needed to initiate a reaction and is the potential barrier that must be overcome for a reaction to begin
Thermodynamics and entropy
- Entropy (S) is a measure of disorder, or randomness
- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be transferred or transformed but cannot be created or destroyed
- The second law of thermodynamics states that every energy transfer or changes increases the entropy of the universe
Catalyst and enzymes
- Catalysts are substances that speed up the rate of reactions without being consumed in the process
- Enzymes are biological catalysts which are typically proteins
- Enzymes lower activation energy by providing an alternate reaction pathway with lower activation energy
- The active site of the enzyme is the region where the substrate binds
- The induced fit model describes the dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate where the enzyme changes shape to bind the substrate
- Enzyme activity is affected by temperature, pH, and the presence of inhibitors
- Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site while noncompetitive inhibitors binds to an allosteric site elsewhere on the enzyme
- Cofactors are inorganic ions such as iron (Fe++) and magnesium (Mg++)
- Coenzymes are organic helper molecules that aid in enzyme activity
- Vitamins can act as precursors to coenzymes
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